128
2 Holographic Microscopy of Phase and Diffuse Objects …
of high pressure, the functional state of different systems of an organism (cardiovascular, neuromuscular, respiratory, hematopoietic, endocrine, immune systems) is
breaking. Along with the integral reaction of an organism to the pressure, structural
and functional changes develop in separate organs and tissues as well. The studies of
some isolated preparations allow assuming that long-term exposure of high pressure
modifies the structure of membrane scaffold protein, influences membrane processes.
A very important issue is the direct mechanical effect of the pressure that leads to
injury or destruction of tissues. Biochemical and structural changes supposed and
experimentally proved in a number of cases by the impact of high pressures on a live
tissue give reasons for conducting such studies using optical methods.
A number of physical factors have a great impact on the human organism. Their
study has great applied value. Hydrostatic pressure is one of the most important.
The need for deepwater diving and work has significantly grown recently because
of oil and gas field development on a continental shelf with enhancing the use of
ocean resources. Nowadays, there are methods and equipment helping people to
work at a depth of 350–400 m. Improvement of technical means and training of
divers give the possibility to claim that in the nearest future deepwater works become
possible at a depth up to 500 m [346]. Maximal pressure reached by a human during
simulation diving using nitrogenated helium-oxygen mixture is 69.4 kg-force/cm
2
that corresponds to the depth of 68.4 m. During saturation diving, a person is at
a depth of 501 m. Diving of small animals was simulated under pressure of 270
kg-force/cm
2 . The limits of pressure endured by a human are not established [347].
Along with the necessity of equipment improvement for deep diving, the search
of measures, which prevent the negative impact of hydrostatic pressure on a human
organism, is of great importance. The latest studies prove early findings and point to
disorders in functioning of excitable tissues, first of all of the whole nervous system.
By the investigation of 33 professional divers and corresponding to the people from
the control group, the following facts were ascertained. Psychomotor coordination
impairment and suppressed disorders of central nervous system (CNS) functions are
typical for the consequences of the decompression sickness [348].
It was found out that neurological symptomatology is accompanied not only by
decompression, but also by an increase in diving depth. Even before the decompression, there was observed the progress in neurological changes, which is expressed
by tremor, myoclonic twitchings and spasms [349]. Very soon the researchers who
studied impact mechanisms of hydrostatic pressure understood that the problem of
providing divers with adequate diving gas is not the only one in providing diving
security. They faced with such a phenomenon that is traditionally named hyperbaric neural syndrome of high pressures [350]. It is observed during diving at a
depth of more than 200 m. Meanwhile besides the stated neurological symptoms
divers mention nausea, vertigo and distinctive changes in electroencephalogram like
delta-waves dominating and occurrence of paroxysmal discharges of reflected waves
[347].
Recently, reasons for high pressures syndrome have been searched for. And if
this problem is to be solved by selecting an adequate normaxic diving gas, then now
it is clear that study of mechanisms of high pressures neural syndrome should be
developed on the basis of different approaches [351], especially because hyperbary
2 Holographic Microscopy of Phase and Diffuse Objects …
of high pressure, the functional state of different systems of an organism (cardiovascular, neuromuscular, respiratory, hematopoietic, endocrine, immune systems) is
breaking. Along with the integral reaction of an organism to the pressure, structural
and functional changes develop in separate organs and tissues as well. The studies of
some isolated preparations allow assuming that long-term exposure of high pressure
modifies the structure of membrane scaffold protein, influences membrane processes.
A very important issue is the direct mechanical effect of the pressure that leads to
injury or destruction of tissues. Biochemical and structural changes supposed and
experimentally proved in a number of cases by the impact of high pressures on a live
tissue give reasons for conducting such studies using optical methods.
A number of physical factors have a great impact on the human organism. Their
study has great applied value. Hydrostatic pressure is one of the most important.
The need for deepwater diving and work has significantly grown recently because
of oil and gas field development on a continental shelf with enhancing the use of
ocean resources. Nowadays, there are methods and equipment helping people to
work at a depth of 350–400 m. Improvement of technical means and training of
divers give the possibility to claim that in the nearest future deepwater works become
possible at a depth up to 500 m [346]. Maximal pressure reached by a human during
simulation diving using nitrogenated helium-oxygen mixture is 69.4 kg-force/cm
2
that corresponds to the depth of 68.4 m. During saturation diving, a person is at
a depth of 501 m. Diving of small animals was simulated under pressure of 270
kg-force/cm
2 . The limits of pressure endured by a human are not established [347].
Along with the necessity of equipment improvement for deep diving, the search
of measures, which prevent the negative impact of hydrostatic pressure on a human
organism, is of great importance. The latest studies prove early findings and point to
disorders in functioning of excitable tissues, first of all of the whole nervous system.
By the investigation of 33 professional divers and corresponding to the people from
the control group, the following facts were ascertained. Psychomotor coordination
impairment and suppressed disorders of central nervous system (CNS) functions are
typical for the consequences of the decompression sickness [348].
It was found out that neurological symptomatology is accompanied not only by
decompression, but also by an increase in diving depth. Even before the decompression, there was observed the progress in neurological changes, which is expressed
by tremor, myoclonic twitchings and spasms [349]. Very soon the researchers who
studied impact mechanisms of hydrostatic pressure understood that the problem of
providing divers with adequate diving gas is not the only one in providing diving
security. They faced with such a phenomenon that is traditionally named hyperbaric neural syndrome of high pressures [350]. It is observed during diving at a
depth of more than 200 m. Meanwhile besides the stated neurological symptoms
divers mention nausea, vertigo and distinctive changes in electroencephalogram like
delta-waves dominating and occurrence of paroxysmal discharges of reflected waves
[347].
Recently, reasons for high pressures syndrome have been searched for. And if
this problem is to be solved by selecting an adequate normaxic diving gas, then now
it is clear that study of mechanisms of high pressures neural syndrome should be
developed on the basis of different approaches [351], especially because hyperbary