References
91
115. D.A.B. Miller, D.S. Chemla, T.C. Damen, A.C. Gossard, W. Wiegmann, T.H. Wood, C.A.
Burrus, Electric field dependence of optical absorption near the band gap of quantum-well
structures. Phys. Rev. B 32, 1043–1060 (1985)
116. R.J. Elliott, Intensity of optical absorption by excitons. Phys. Rev. 108, 1384–1389 (1957)
117. M. Kira, S. Koch, Many-body correlations and excitonic effects in semiconductor spectroscopy. Prog. Quantum Electron. 30(5), 155–296 (2006)
118. S. Chatterjee, C. Ell, S. Mosor, G. Khitrova, H.M. Gibbs, W. Hoyer, M. Kira, S.W. Koch,
J.P. Prineas, H. Stolz, Excitonic photoluminescence in semiconductor quantum wells: plasma
versus excitons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92(6), 067402 (2004)
119. M.G.A. Bernard, G. Duraffourg, Laser conditions in semiconductors. Phys. Status Solidi B
1(7), 699–703 (1961)
120. M. Bernard, The history of laser conditions in semiconductors. Semicond. Sci. Technol. 27,
090201 (2012)
121. G. Björk, A. Karlsson, Y. Yamamoto, Definition of a laser threshold. Phys. Rev. A 50, 1675–
1680 (1994)
122. S. Schmitt-Rink, D.S. Chemla, D.A.B. Miller, Linear and nonlinear optical properties of
semiconductor quantum wells. Adv. Phys. 38, 89–188 (1989)
123. T. Kazimierczuk, D. Fröhlich, S. Scheel, H. Stolz, M. Bayer, Giant Rydberg excitons in the
copper oxide Cu 2 O. Nature 514, 343–347 (2014)
124. J. Thewes, J. Heckötter, T. Kazimierczuk, M. Aßmann, D. Fröhlich, M. Bayer, M. Semina,
M. Glazov, Observation of high angular momentum excitons in cuprous oxide. Phys. Rev.
Lett. 115, 027402 (2015)
125. L.V. Keldysh, A.N. Kozlov, Collective properties of excitons in semiconductors. Sov. Phys.
JETP 27, 521–528 (1968)
126. D. Snoke, Spontaneous Bose coherence of excitons and polaritons. Science 298(5597), 1368–
1372 (2002)
127. E. Hanamura, H. Haug, Condensation effects of excitons. Phys. Rep. 33(4), 209 (1977)
128. A. Griffin, D.W. Snoke, S. Stringari, Bose-Einstein Condensation (Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, 1995)
129. P.B. Littlewood, X. Zhu, Possibilities for exciton condensation in semiconductor quantumwell structures. Phys. Scr. 1996(T68), 56–67 (1996)
130. S.A. Moskalenko, D.W. Snoke, Bose-Einstein Condensation of Excitons and Biexcitons: And
Coherent Nonlinear Optics with Excitons (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000)
131. L.P. Pitaevskii, S. Stringari, Bose-Einstein Condensation (Oxford University Press, Oxford,
2003)
132. W. Ketterle, What is B.E.C.? (webpage 2014: www.cua.mit.edu/ketterle_group/intro/
whatbec/whtisbec.html) (2014)
133. S.A. Moskalenko, Reversible optico-hydrodynamic phenomena in a nonideal exciton gas.
Sov. Phys. Solid State 4(1), 199–204 (1962)
134. J.M. Blatt, K.W. Boer, W. Brandt, Bose-Einstein condensation of excitons. Phys. Rev. 126(5),
1691 (1962)
135. N.F. Mott, Conduction in polar crystals. II. The conduction band and ultra-violet absorption
of alkali-halide crystals. Trans. Faraday Soc. 34, 500 (1938)
136. N.F. Mott, Metal Insulator Transitions, 2nd edn. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1990)
137. L. Kappei, J. Szczytko, F. Morier-Genoud, B. Deveaud, Direct observation of the Mott transition in an optically excited semiconductor quantum well. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 147403 (2005)
138. L.V. Butov, C.W. Lai, A.L. Ivanov, A.C. Gossard, D.S. Chemla, Towards Bose-Einstein condensation of excitons in potential traps. Nature 417, 47–52 (2002)
139. L.V. Butov, A.C. Gossard, D.S. Chemla, Macroscopically ordered state in an exciton system.
Nature 418, 751–754 (2002)
140. K. Yoshioka, E. Chae, M. Kuwata-Gonokami, Transition to a Bose-Einstein condensate and
relaxation explosion of excitons at sub-Kelvin temperatures. Nat. Commun. 2, 328 (2011)
141. A.A. High, J.R. Leonard, A.T. Hammack, M.M. Fogler, L.V. Butov, A.V. Kavokin, K.L.
Campman, A.C. Gossard, Spontaneous coherence in a cold exciton gas. Nature 483, 584–588
(2012)
91
115. D.A.B. Miller, D.S. Chemla, T.C. Damen, A.C. Gossard, W. Wiegmann, T.H. Wood, C.A.
Burrus, Electric field dependence of optical absorption near the band gap of quantum-well
structures. Phys. Rev. B 32, 1043–1060 (1985)
116. R.J. Elliott, Intensity of optical absorption by excitons. Phys. Rev. 108, 1384–1389 (1957)
117. M. Kira, S. Koch, Many-body correlations and excitonic effects in semiconductor spectroscopy. Prog. Quantum Electron. 30(5), 155–296 (2006)
118. S. Chatterjee, C. Ell, S. Mosor, G. Khitrova, H.M. Gibbs, W. Hoyer, M. Kira, S.W. Koch,
J.P. Prineas, H. Stolz, Excitonic photoluminescence in semiconductor quantum wells: plasma
versus excitons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92(6), 067402 (2004)
119. M.G.A. Bernard, G. Duraffourg, Laser conditions in semiconductors. Phys. Status Solidi B
1(7), 699–703 (1961)
120. M. Bernard, The history of laser conditions in semiconductors. Semicond. Sci. Technol. 27,
090201 (2012)
121. G. Björk, A. Karlsson, Y. Yamamoto, Definition of a laser threshold. Phys. Rev. A 50, 1675–
1680 (1994)
122. S. Schmitt-Rink, D.S. Chemla, D.A.B. Miller, Linear and nonlinear optical properties of
semiconductor quantum wells. Adv. Phys. 38, 89–188 (1989)
123. T. Kazimierczuk, D. Fröhlich, S. Scheel, H. Stolz, M. Bayer, Giant Rydberg excitons in the
copper oxide Cu 2 O. Nature 514, 343–347 (2014)
124. J. Thewes, J. Heckötter, T. Kazimierczuk, M. Aßmann, D. Fröhlich, M. Bayer, M. Semina,
M. Glazov, Observation of high angular momentum excitons in cuprous oxide. Phys. Rev.
Lett. 115, 027402 (2015)
125. L.V. Keldysh, A.N. Kozlov, Collective properties of excitons in semiconductors. Sov. Phys.
JETP 27, 521–528 (1968)
126. D. Snoke, Spontaneous Bose coherence of excitons and polaritons. Science 298(5597), 1368–
1372 (2002)
127. E. Hanamura, H. Haug, Condensation effects of excitons. Phys. Rep. 33(4), 209 (1977)
128. A. Griffin, D.W. Snoke, S. Stringari, Bose-Einstein Condensation (Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, 1995)
129. P.B. Littlewood, X. Zhu, Possibilities for exciton condensation in semiconductor quantumwell structures. Phys. Scr. 1996(T68), 56–67 (1996)
130. S.A. Moskalenko, D.W. Snoke, Bose-Einstein Condensation of Excitons and Biexcitons: And
Coherent Nonlinear Optics with Excitons (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000)
131. L.P. Pitaevskii, S. Stringari, Bose-Einstein Condensation (Oxford University Press, Oxford,
2003)
132. W. Ketterle, What is B.E.C.? (webpage 2014: www.cua.mit.edu/ketterle_group/intro/
whatbec/whtisbec.html) (2014)
133. S.A. Moskalenko, Reversible optico-hydrodynamic phenomena in a nonideal exciton gas.
Sov. Phys. Solid State 4(1), 199–204 (1962)
134. J.M. Blatt, K.W. Boer, W. Brandt, Bose-Einstein condensation of excitons. Phys. Rev. 126(5),
1691 (1962)
135. N.F. Mott, Conduction in polar crystals. II. The conduction band and ultra-violet absorption
of alkali-halide crystals. Trans. Faraday Soc. 34, 500 (1938)
136. N.F. Mott, Metal Insulator Transitions, 2nd edn. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1990)
137. L. Kappei, J. Szczytko, F. Morier-Genoud, B. Deveaud, Direct observation of the Mott transition in an optically excited semiconductor quantum well. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 147403 (2005)
138. L.V. Butov, C.W. Lai, A.L. Ivanov, A.C. Gossard, D.S. Chemla, Towards Bose-Einstein condensation of excitons in potential traps. Nature 417, 47–52 (2002)
139. L.V. Butov, A.C. Gossard, D.S. Chemla, Macroscopically ordered state in an exciton system.
Nature 418, 751–754 (2002)
140. K. Yoshioka, E. Chae, M. Kuwata-Gonokami, Transition to a Bose-Einstein condensate and
relaxation explosion of excitons at sub-Kelvin temperatures. Nat. Commun. 2, 328 (2011)
141. A.A. High, J.R. Leonard, A.T. Hammack, M.M. Fogler, L.V. Butov, A.V. Kavokin, K.L.
Campman, A.C. Gossard, Spontaneous coherence in a cold exciton gas. Nature 483, 584–588
(2012)