Rajeevan M, Gadgil S, Bhate J (2010) Active and break spells of the
Indian summer monsoon. J Earth Sys Sci 119:229–248
Rao YP (1976) Southwest Monsoons. Meteor Monogr 1. India
Meteorological Department, pp 1–367
Ren YY, Parker D, Ren GY, Dunn R (2015) Tempo-spatial characteristics of sub-daily temperature trends in mainland China. Clim Dyn
46(9–10):2737–2748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2726-7
Richardson M, Cowtan K, Millar RJ (2018) Global temperature
definition affects achievement of long-term climate goals. Environ
Res Lett 13(5):054004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aab305
Romatschke U, Houze RA (2011) Characteristics of precipitating
convective systems in the South Asian Monsoon. J Hydrometeorol
12(1):3–26. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JHM1289.1
Roxy MK, Ghosh S, Pathak A, Athulya R, Mujumdar M, Raghu M,
Pascal T, Rajeevan M (2017) A threefold rise in widespread
extreme rain events over central India. Nat Commun 8:708
Roxy MK, Kapoor R, Terray P, Murtugudde R, Ashok K,
Goswami BN (2015) Drying of Indian subcontinent by rapid Indian
Ocean warming and a weakening land-sea thermal gradient. Nat
Commun 6(7423)
Sabin TP, Krishnan R, Ghattas J, Denvil S, Dufresne J-L, Hourdin F,
Pascal T (2013) High resolution simulation of the South Asian
monsoon using a variable resolution global climate model. Clim
Dyn 41(1):173–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1658-8
Sanap SD, Pandithurai G, Manoj MG (2015) On the response of Indian
summer monsoon to aerosol forcing in CMIP5 model simulations.
Clim Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2516-2
Scheff J, Frierson DMW (2014) Scaling potential evapotranspiration
with greenhouse warming. J Clim 27:1539–1558. https://doi.org/10.
1175/JCLI-D-13-00233.1
Schneider T, Bischoff T, Huag GH (2014) Migrations and dynamics of the
intertropical convergence zone. Nature 45. DOI:10.1038/nature13636
Sharmila S, Joseph S, Sahai AK, Abhilash S, Chattopadhyay R (2015)
Future projection of Indian summer monsoon variability under
climate change scenario: an assessment from CMIP5 climate
models. Global Planet Change 124:62–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.gloplacha.2014.11.004
Shige S, Nakano Y, Yamamoto MK (2017) Role of orography, diurnal
cycle, and intraseasonal oscillation in summer monsoon rainfall
over the Western Ghats and Myanmar Coast. J Clim 30(23):9365–
9381. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0858.1
Sinha A, Kathayat G, Cheng H, Breitenbach SFM, Berkelhammer M,
Mudelsee M, Biswas J, Edwards RL (2015) Trends and oscillations
in the Indian summer monsoon rainfall over the last two millennia.
Nat Commun. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7309
Sperber KR, Annamalai H, Kang I-S, Kitoh A, Moise A, Turner A et al
(2013) The Asian summer monsoon: an intercomparison of CMIP5
vs. CMIP3 simulations of the late 20th century. Clim Dyn 41:2711–
2744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1607-6
Srivastava AK, Revadekar JV, Rajeevan M (2019) Regional climates:
Asia: South Asia (in “State of the climate in 2018”). Bull Am
Meteor
Soc
100(9):S236–S240.
https://doi.org/10.1175/
2019BAMSStateoftheClimate.1
Stano G, Krishnamurti TN, Vijaya Kumar TSV, Chakraborty
A (2002) Hydrometeor structure of a composite monsoon depression using the TRMM radar. Tellus A 54:370–381. https://doi.org/
10.1034/j.1600-0870.2002.01330.x
Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Alexander LV, Allen SK, Bindoff NL,
Bréon F-M, Church JA, Cubasch U, Emori S, Forster P,
Friedlingstein P, Gillett N, Gregory JM, Hartmann DL, Jansen E,
Kirtman B, Knutti R, Krishna Kumar K, Lemke P, Marotzke J,
Masson-Delmotte V, Meehl GA, Mokhov II, Piao S,
Ramaswamy V, Randall D, Rhein M, Rojas M, Sabine C,
Shindell D, Talley LD, Vaughan DG, Xie S-P (2013) Technical
summary. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor M,
Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM
(eds) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution
of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge
Swapna P, Jyoti J, Krishnan R, Sandeep N, Griffies SM (2017)
Multidecadal weakening of Indian summer monsoon circulation
induces an increasing Northern Indian Ocean Sea Level. Geophys
Res Lett 44. DOI:10.1002/2017GL074706
Swapna P, Krishnan R, Sandeep N, Prajeesh AG, Ayantika DC,
Manmeet S et al (2018) Long-term climate simulations using the
IITM earth system Model (IITM-ESMv2) with focus on the South
Asian
Monsoon.
J
Adv
Model
Earth
Syst
10.
DOI:10.1029/2017MS001262
Swapna P, Krishnan R, Wallace JM (2014) Indian Ocean and monsoon
coupled interactions in a warming environment. Clim Dyn 42(9–
10):2439–2454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1787-8
Swapna P, Roxy MK, Aparna K, Kulkarni K, Prajeesh AG, Ashok K
et al (2015) The IITM earth system model: transformation of a
seasonal prediction model to a long-term climate model. Bull Am
Meteorol Soc 96. DOI:10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00276.1
Taylor KE, Stouffer RJ, Meehl GA (2012) An overview of CMIP5 and
the experiment design. Bull Am Meteor Soc 93(4):485–498. https://
doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1
Turner AG, Annamalai H (2012) Climate change and the South Asian
summer monsoon. Nat Clim Chang 2:587. Available at https://doi.
org/10.1038/nclimate1495
Undorf S, Polson D, Bollasina MA, Ming Y, Schurer A, Hegerl GC
(2018) Detectable impact of local and remote anthropogenic
aerosols on the 20th century changes of West African and South
Asian monsoon precipitation. J Geophy Res (Atmos) 123:4871–
4889. https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD027711
van Vuuren DP, Edmonds J, Kainuma M, Riahi K, Thomson A,
Hibbard K et al (2011) The representative concentration pathways:
an overview. Clim Change 109:5–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10584-011-0148-z
Vaughan DG, Comiso JC, Allison I, Carrasco J, Kaser G, Kwok R,
Mote P, Murray T, Paul F, Ren J, Rignot E, Solomina O, Steffen K,
Zhang T (2013) Observations: cryosphere. In: Stocker TF, Qin D,
Plattner G-K, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y,
Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) Climate change 2013: the physical
science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth
assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change
Xie S-P et al (2006) Role of narrow mountains in large-scale
organization of Asian Monsoon Convection*. J Clim 19
(14):3420–3429. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3777.1
You QL, Min J, Zhang W, Pepin N, Kang S (2015) Comparison of
multiple datasets with gridded precipitation observations over the
Tibetan Plateau. Clim Dyn 45:791–806
Wester P et al (eds) (2019) The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment.
Springer International Publishing, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/
978-3-319-92288-1
1 Introduction to Climate Change Over the Indian Region
19
Indian summer monsoon. J Earth Sys Sci 119:229–248
Rao YP (1976) Southwest Monsoons. Meteor Monogr 1. India
Meteorological Department, pp 1–367
Ren YY, Parker D, Ren GY, Dunn R (2015) Tempo-spatial characteristics of sub-daily temperature trends in mainland China. Clim Dyn
46(9–10):2737–2748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2726-7
Richardson M, Cowtan K, Millar RJ (2018) Global temperature
definition affects achievement of long-term climate goals. Environ
Res Lett 13(5):054004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aab305
Romatschke U, Houze RA (2011) Characteristics of precipitating
convective systems in the South Asian Monsoon. J Hydrometeorol
12(1):3–26. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JHM1289.1
Roxy MK, Ghosh S, Pathak A, Athulya R, Mujumdar M, Raghu M,
Pascal T, Rajeevan M (2017) A threefold rise in widespread
extreme rain events over central India. Nat Commun 8:708
Roxy MK, Kapoor R, Terray P, Murtugudde R, Ashok K,
Goswami BN (2015) Drying of Indian subcontinent by rapid Indian
Ocean warming and a weakening land-sea thermal gradient. Nat
Commun 6(7423)
Sabin TP, Krishnan R, Ghattas J, Denvil S, Dufresne J-L, Hourdin F,
Pascal T (2013) High resolution simulation of the South Asian
monsoon using a variable resolution global climate model. Clim
Dyn 41(1):173–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1658-8
Sanap SD, Pandithurai G, Manoj MG (2015) On the response of Indian
summer monsoon to aerosol forcing in CMIP5 model simulations.
Clim Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2516-2
Scheff J, Frierson DMW (2014) Scaling potential evapotranspiration
with greenhouse warming. J Clim 27:1539–1558. https://doi.org/10.
1175/JCLI-D-13-00233.1
Schneider T, Bischoff T, Huag GH (2014) Migrations and dynamics of the
intertropical convergence zone. Nature 45. DOI:10.1038/nature13636
Sharmila S, Joseph S, Sahai AK, Abhilash S, Chattopadhyay R (2015)
Future projection of Indian summer monsoon variability under
climate change scenario: an assessment from CMIP5 climate
models. Global Planet Change 124:62–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.gloplacha.2014.11.004
Shige S, Nakano Y, Yamamoto MK (2017) Role of orography, diurnal
cycle, and intraseasonal oscillation in summer monsoon rainfall
over the Western Ghats and Myanmar Coast. J Clim 30(23):9365–
9381. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0858.1
Sinha A, Kathayat G, Cheng H, Breitenbach SFM, Berkelhammer M,
Mudelsee M, Biswas J, Edwards RL (2015) Trends and oscillations
in the Indian summer monsoon rainfall over the last two millennia.
Nat Commun. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7309
Sperber KR, Annamalai H, Kang I-S, Kitoh A, Moise A, Turner A et al
(2013) The Asian summer monsoon: an intercomparison of CMIP5
vs. CMIP3 simulations of the late 20th century. Clim Dyn 41:2711–
2744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1607-6
Srivastava AK, Revadekar JV, Rajeevan M (2019) Regional climates:
Asia: South Asia (in “State of the climate in 2018”). Bull Am
Meteor
Soc
100(9):S236–S240.
https://doi.org/10.1175/
2019BAMSStateoftheClimate.1
Stano G, Krishnamurti TN, Vijaya Kumar TSV, Chakraborty
A (2002) Hydrometeor structure of a composite monsoon depression using the TRMM radar. Tellus A 54:370–381. https://doi.org/
10.1034/j.1600-0870.2002.01330.x
Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Alexander LV, Allen SK, Bindoff NL,
Bréon F-M, Church JA, Cubasch U, Emori S, Forster P,
Friedlingstein P, Gillett N, Gregory JM, Hartmann DL, Jansen E,
Kirtman B, Knutti R, Krishna Kumar K, Lemke P, Marotzke J,
Masson-Delmotte V, Meehl GA, Mokhov II, Piao S,
Ramaswamy V, Randall D, Rhein M, Rojas M, Sabine C,
Shindell D, Talley LD, Vaughan DG, Xie S-P (2013) Technical
summary. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor M,
Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM
(eds) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution
of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge
Swapna P, Jyoti J, Krishnan R, Sandeep N, Griffies SM (2017)
Multidecadal weakening of Indian summer monsoon circulation
induces an increasing Northern Indian Ocean Sea Level. Geophys
Res Lett 44. DOI:10.1002/2017GL074706
Swapna P, Krishnan R, Sandeep N, Prajeesh AG, Ayantika DC,
Manmeet S et al (2018) Long-term climate simulations using the
IITM earth system Model (IITM-ESMv2) with focus on the South
Asian
Monsoon.
J
Adv
Model
Earth
Syst
10.
DOI:10.1029/2017MS001262
Swapna P, Krishnan R, Wallace JM (2014) Indian Ocean and monsoon
coupled interactions in a warming environment. Clim Dyn 42(9–
10):2439–2454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1787-8
Swapna P, Roxy MK, Aparna K, Kulkarni K, Prajeesh AG, Ashok K
et al (2015) The IITM earth system model: transformation of a
seasonal prediction model to a long-term climate model. Bull Am
Meteorol Soc 96. DOI:10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00276.1
Taylor KE, Stouffer RJ, Meehl GA (2012) An overview of CMIP5 and
the experiment design. Bull Am Meteor Soc 93(4):485–498. https://
doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1
Turner AG, Annamalai H (2012) Climate change and the South Asian
summer monsoon. Nat Clim Chang 2:587. Available at https://doi.
org/10.1038/nclimate1495
Undorf S, Polson D, Bollasina MA, Ming Y, Schurer A, Hegerl GC
(2018) Detectable impact of local and remote anthropogenic
aerosols on the 20th century changes of West African and South
Asian monsoon precipitation. J Geophy Res (Atmos) 123:4871–
4889. https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD027711
van Vuuren DP, Edmonds J, Kainuma M, Riahi K, Thomson A,
Hibbard K et al (2011) The representative concentration pathways:
an overview. Clim Change 109:5–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10584-011-0148-z
Vaughan DG, Comiso JC, Allison I, Carrasco J, Kaser G, Kwok R,
Mote P, Murray T, Paul F, Ren J, Rignot E, Solomina O, Steffen K,
Zhang T (2013) Observations: cryosphere. In: Stocker TF, Qin D,
Plattner G-K, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y,
Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) Climate change 2013: the physical
science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth
assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change
Xie S-P et al (2006) Role of narrow mountains in large-scale
organization of Asian Monsoon Convection*. J Clim 19
(14):3420–3429. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3777.1
You QL, Min J, Zhang W, Pepin N, Kang S (2015) Comparison of
multiple datasets with gridded precipitation observations over the
Tibetan Plateau. Clim Dyn 45:791–806
Wester P et al (eds) (2019) The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment.
Springer International Publishing, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/
978-3-319-92288-1
1 Introduction to Climate Change Over the Indian Region
19