Pratik K, Parekh A, Karmakar A, Chowdary JS, Gnanaseelan C (2019)
Recent changes in the summer monsoon circulation and their impact
on dynamics and thermodynamics of the Arabian Sea. Theor Appl
Climatol 136:321–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-018-2493-6
Purkey SG, and Johnson GC (2010) Warming of global abyssal and
deep Southern Ocean waters between the 1990s and2000s: Contributions to global heat and sea level rise budgets. J Climate 23
(23):6336–6351
Rahul S, Gnanaseelan C (2013) Net heat flux over the Indian Ocean:
Trends, driving mechanisms, and uncertainties. IEEE Geosci
Remote Sens Lett 10(4):776–780. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.
2012.2223194
Rahul S, Gnanaseelan C (2016) Can large scale surface circulation
changes modulate the sea surface warming pattern in the Tropical
Indian Ocean? Clim Dyn 46(11):3617–3632. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s00382-015-2790-z
Rosenthal Y, Kalansky J, Morley A, Linsley BK (2017) A
paleo-perspective on ocean heat content: lessons from the Holocene
and Common Era. Quat Sci Rev 155:1–2
Rajeevan M, Srinivasan J, Niranjan Kumar K, Gnanaseelan C, Ali MM
(2013) On the epochal variation of intensity of tropical cyclones in
the Arabian Sea. Atmos Sci Lett 14(4):249–255
Rao SA, Dhakate AR, Saha SK, Mahapatra S, Chaudhari HS,
Pokhrel S, Sahu SK (2012) Why is Indian Ocean warming
consistently? Clim Change 110:709–719. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10584-011-0121-x
Rodrigues RR, Taschetto AS, Gupta AS, Foltz GR (2019) Common
cause for severe droughts in South America and marine heatwaves
in the South Atlantic. Nat Geosci 12(8):620–626
Rohini P, Rajeevan M, Srivastava AK (2016) On the variability and
increasing trends of heat waves over India. Scientific reports
6:26153
Roxy MK, Ghosh S, Pathak A, Athulya R, Mujumdar M, Murtugudde R,
Terray P, Rajeevan M (2017) A threefold rise in widespread extreme
rain events over central India. Nat Commun 8:78
Roxy MK, Dasgupta P, McPhaden MJ, Suematsu T, Zhang C, Kim D
(2019) Twofold expansion of the Indo-Pacific warm pool warps the
MJO lifecycle. Nature 575:647–651. https://doi.org/10.1038/
s41586-019-1764-4
Roxy MK, Modi A, Murtugudde R, Valsala V, Panickal S, Prasanna
Kumar S, Ravichandran M, Vichi M, Lévy M (2016) A reduction in
marine primary productivity driven by rapid warming over the
tropical Indian Ocean. Geophys Res Lett 43(2):826–833. https://doi.
org/10.1002/2015GL066979
Roxy MK, Ritika K, Terray P, Masson S (2014) The curious case of
Indian Ocean warming. J Clim 27(22):8501–8509. https://doi.org/
10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00471.1
Sabeerali CT, Rao SA, George G, Rao DN, Mahapatra S, Kulkarni A,
Murtugudde R (2014) Modulation of monsoon intraseasonal
oscillations in the recent warming period. J Geophys Res Atmos
119(9):5185–5203
Sabine CL, Freely RA, Gruber N, Key RM, Lee K, Bullister JL,
Wanninkhof R, Wong CS, Wallace DWR, Tilbrook B, Millero FJ,
Peng T-H, Kozyr A, Ono T, Rios AF (2004) The oceanic sink for
anthropogenic CO 2 . Science 305:367–371
Saha A, Ghosh S, Sahana AS, Rao EP (2014) Failure of CMIP5 climate
models in simulating post-1950 decreasing trend of Indian
monsoon. Geophys Res Lett 41(20):7323–7330
Saji NH, Goswami BN, Vinayachandran PN, Yamagata T (1999) A
dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean. Nature 401:360–363
Sayantani O, Gnanaseelan C (2015) Tropical Indian Ocean subsurface
temperature variability and the forcing mechanisms. Clim Dyn
44:2447–2462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2379-y
Schmidtko S, Stramma L, Visbeck M (2017) Decline in global oceanic
oxygen content during the past five decades. Nature 542:335–339.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21399
Singh D, Ghosh S, Roxy MK, McDermid S (2019) Indian summer
monsoon: extreme events, historical changes, and role of anthropogenic forcings. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Clim Chang 10(2):e571
Slangen ABA, Carson M, Katsman CA, van de Wal RSW, Koehl A,
Vermeersen LLA, Stammer D (2014) Projecting twenty-first
century regional sea-level changes. Clim Change 124:317–332.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1080-9
Smith D, Murphy JM (2007) An objective ocean temperature and
salinity analysis using covariances from a global climate model.
J Geophys Res Oceans 112(C2)
Sreeush MG, Rajendran S, Valsala V, Pentakota S, Prasad KV,
Murtugudde R (2019a) Variability, trend and controlling factors of
Ocean acidification over Western Arabian Sea upwelling region.
Marine Chem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2018.12.002.
(2018)
Sreeush MG, Valsala V, Santanu H, Pentakota S, Prasad KVSR,
Naidu CV, Murtugudde R (2019b) Biological production in the
Indian Ocean upwelling zones—part 2: data based estimates of
variable compensation depth for ocean carbon models via
cyclo-stationary Bayesian inversion, deep sea research part II:
topical studies in oceanography, 2019, ISSN 0967-0645. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.07.007
Srinivasu U, Ravichandran M, Han W, Sivareddy S, Rahman H, Li Y,
Nayak S (2017) Causes for the reversal of north Indian Ocean
decadal sea level trend in recent two decades. Clim Dyn 49:3887–
3904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3551-y
Stramma L, Johnson GC, Sprintall J, Mohrholz V (2008) Science 320
(5876):655–658. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1153847
Ummenhofer CC, Biastoch A, Böning CW (2017) Multidecadal Indian
Ocean variability linked to the Pacific and implications for
preconditioning Indian Ocean dipole events. J Clim 30(5):1739–
1751. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0200.1
Valsala V, Murtugudde R (2015) Mesoscale and intraseasonal air–sea
CO 2 exchanges in the western Arabian Sea during boreal summer.
Deep Sea Res Part I 103:101–113
Von Schuckmann K, Sallée JB, Chambers D, Le Traon PY, Cabanes C,
Gaillard F, Speich S, Hamon M (2014) Monitoring ocean heat
content from the current generation of global ocean observing
systems. Ocean Sci 10:547–557. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-5472014
Webster PJ, Moore AM, Loschnigg JP, Leben RR (1999) Coupled
ocean-atmosphere dynamics in the Indian Ocean during 1997–1998.
Nature 401:356–360
Xie S-P, Annamalai H, Schott FA, McCreary JP Jr (2002) Structure and
mechanisms of South Indian Ocean climate variability. J Clim
15:864–878
Xue Y et al (2012) A comparative analysis of upper-ocean heat content
variability from an ensemble of operational ocean reanalyses.
J Clim 25:6905–6929. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00542.1
Zanna L, Khatiwala S, Gregory JM, Ison J, Heimbach P (2019) Global
reconstruction of historical ocean heat storage and transport. Proc
Natl Acad Sci 116(4):1126–1131
Zhao Y, Zhang H (2016) Impacts of SST warming in tropical Indian
Ocean on CMIP5 model-projected summer rainfall changes over
Central Asia. Clim Dyn 46:3223–3238. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00382-015-2765-0
Zheng XT, Xie S (2009) Indian Ocean dipole response to global
warming: analysis of ocean–atmospheric feedbacks in a coupled
model.
J
Clim
23:1240–1253.
https://doi.org/10.1175/
2009JCLI3326.1
10 Indian Ocean Warming
205
Recent changes in the summer monsoon circulation and their impact
on dynamics and thermodynamics of the Arabian Sea. Theor Appl
Climatol 136:321–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-018-2493-6
Purkey SG, and Johnson GC (2010) Warming of global abyssal and
deep Southern Ocean waters between the 1990s and2000s: Contributions to global heat and sea level rise budgets. J Climate 23
(23):6336–6351
Rahul S, Gnanaseelan C (2013) Net heat flux over the Indian Ocean:
Trends, driving mechanisms, and uncertainties. IEEE Geosci
Remote Sens Lett 10(4):776–780. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.
2012.2223194
Rahul S, Gnanaseelan C (2016) Can large scale surface circulation
changes modulate the sea surface warming pattern in the Tropical
Indian Ocean? Clim Dyn 46(11):3617–3632. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s00382-015-2790-z
Rosenthal Y, Kalansky J, Morley A, Linsley BK (2017) A
paleo-perspective on ocean heat content: lessons from the Holocene
and Common Era. Quat Sci Rev 155:1–2
Rajeevan M, Srinivasan J, Niranjan Kumar K, Gnanaseelan C, Ali MM
(2013) On the epochal variation of intensity of tropical cyclones in
the Arabian Sea. Atmos Sci Lett 14(4):249–255
Rao SA, Dhakate AR, Saha SK, Mahapatra S, Chaudhari HS,
Pokhrel S, Sahu SK (2012) Why is Indian Ocean warming
consistently? Clim Change 110:709–719. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10584-011-0121-x
Rodrigues RR, Taschetto AS, Gupta AS, Foltz GR (2019) Common
cause for severe droughts in South America and marine heatwaves
in the South Atlantic. Nat Geosci 12(8):620–626
Rohini P, Rajeevan M, Srivastava AK (2016) On the variability and
increasing trends of heat waves over India. Scientific reports
6:26153
Roxy MK, Ghosh S, Pathak A, Athulya R, Mujumdar M, Murtugudde R,
Terray P, Rajeevan M (2017) A threefold rise in widespread extreme
rain events over central India. Nat Commun 8:78
Roxy MK, Dasgupta P, McPhaden MJ, Suematsu T, Zhang C, Kim D
(2019) Twofold expansion of the Indo-Pacific warm pool warps the
MJO lifecycle. Nature 575:647–651. https://doi.org/10.1038/
s41586-019-1764-4
Roxy MK, Modi A, Murtugudde R, Valsala V, Panickal S, Prasanna
Kumar S, Ravichandran M, Vichi M, Lévy M (2016) A reduction in
marine primary productivity driven by rapid warming over the
tropical Indian Ocean. Geophys Res Lett 43(2):826–833. https://doi.
org/10.1002/2015GL066979
Roxy MK, Ritika K, Terray P, Masson S (2014) The curious case of
Indian Ocean warming. J Clim 27(22):8501–8509. https://doi.org/
10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00471.1
Sabeerali CT, Rao SA, George G, Rao DN, Mahapatra S, Kulkarni A,
Murtugudde R (2014) Modulation of monsoon intraseasonal
oscillations in the recent warming period. J Geophys Res Atmos
119(9):5185–5203
Sabine CL, Freely RA, Gruber N, Key RM, Lee K, Bullister JL,
Wanninkhof R, Wong CS, Wallace DWR, Tilbrook B, Millero FJ,
Peng T-H, Kozyr A, Ono T, Rios AF (2004) The oceanic sink for
anthropogenic CO 2 . Science 305:367–371
Saha A, Ghosh S, Sahana AS, Rao EP (2014) Failure of CMIP5 climate
models in simulating post-1950 decreasing trend of Indian
monsoon. Geophys Res Lett 41(20):7323–7330
Saji NH, Goswami BN, Vinayachandran PN, Yamagata T (1999) A
dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean. Nature 401:360–363
Sayantani O, Gnanaseelan C (2015) Tropical Indian Ocean subsurface
temperature variability and the forcing mechanisms. Clim Dyn
44:2447–2462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2379-y
Schmidtko S, Stramma L, Visbeck M (2017) Decline in global oceanic
oxygen content during the past five decades. Nature 542:335–339.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21399
Singh D, Ghosh S, Roxy MK, McDermid S (2019) Indian summer
monsoon: extreme events, historical changes, and role of anthropogenic forcings. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Clim Chang 10(2):e571
Slangen ABA, Carson M, Katsman CA, van de Wal RSW, Koehl A,
Vermeersen LLA, Stammer D (2014) Projecting twenty-first
century regional sea-level changes. Clim Change 124:317–332.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1080-9
Smith D, Murphy JM (2007) An objective ocean temperature and
salinity analysis using covariances from a global climate model.
J Geophys Res Oceans 112(C2)
Sreeush MG, Rajendran S, Valsala V, Pentakota S, Prasad KV,
Murtugudde R (2019a) Variability, trend and controlling factors of
Ocean acidification over Western Arabian Sea upwelling region.
Marine Chem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2018.12.002.
(2018)
Sreeush MG, Valsala V, Santanu H, Pentakota S, Prasad KVSR,
Naidu CV, Murtugudde R (2019b) Biological production in the
Indian Ocean upwelling zones—part 2: data based estimates of
variable compensation depth for ocean carbon models via
cyclo-stationary Bayesian inversion, deep sea research part II:
topical studies in oceanography, 2019, ISSN 0967-0645. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.07.007
Srinivasu U, Ravichandran M, Han W, Sivareddy S, Rahman H, Li Y,
Nayak S (2017) Causes for the reversal of north Indian Ocean
decadal sea level trend in recent two decades. Clim Dyn 49:3887–
3904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3551-y
Stramma L, Johnson GC, Sprintall J, Mohrholz V (2008) Science 320
(5876):655–658. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1153847
Ummenhofer CC, Biastoch A, Böning CW (2017) Multidecadal Indian
Ocean variability linked to the Pacific and implications for
preconditioning Indian Ocean dipole events. J Clim 30(5):1739–
1751. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0200.1
Valsala V, Murtugudde R (2015) Mesoscale and intraseasonal air–sea
CO 2 exchanges in the western Arabian Sea during boreal summer.
Deep Sea Res Part I 103:101–113
Von Schuckmann K, Sallée JB, Chambers D, Le Traon PY, Cabanes C,
Gaillard F, Speich S, Hamon M (2014) Monitoring ocean heat
content from the current generation of global ocean observing
systems. Ocean Sci 10:547–557. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-5472014
Webster PJ, Moore AM, Loschnigg JP, Leben RR (1999) Coupled
ocean-atmosphere dynamics in the Indian Ocean during 1997–1998.
Nature 401:356–360
Xie S-P, Annamalai H, Schott FA, McCreary JP Jr (2002) Structure and
mechanisms of South Indian Ocean climate variability. J Clim
15:864–878
Xue Y et al (2012) A comparative analysis of upper-ocean heat content
variability from an ensemble of operational ocean reanalyses.
J Clim 25:6905–6929. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00542.1
Zanna L, Khatiwala S, Gregory JM, Ison J, Heimbach P (2019) Global
reconstruction of historical ocean heat storage and transport. Proc
Natl Acad Sci 116(4):1126–1131
Zhao Y, Zhang H (2016) Impacts of SST warming in tropical Indian
Ocean on CMIP5 model-projected summer rainfall changes over
Central Asia. Clim Dyn 46:3223–3238. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00382-015-2765-0
Zheng XT, Xie S (2009) Indian Ocean dipole response to global
warming: analysis of ocean–atmospheric feedbacks in a coupled
model.
J
Clim
23:1240–1253.
https://doi.org/10.1175/
2009JCLI3326.1
10 Indian Ocean Warming
205