Deser C, Phillips AS, Alexander MA (2010) Twentieth century tropical
sea surface temperature trends revisited. Geophys Res Lett 37:
L10701. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043321
Dong L, McPhaden MJ (2016) Interhemispheric SST gradient trends in
the Indian Ocean prior to and during the Recent global warming
hiatus. J Clim 29:9077–9095. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-160130.1
Dong L, Zhou T, Wu B (2014) Indian Ocean warming during 1958–
2004 simulated by a climate system model and its mechanism. Clim
Dyn 42:203–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1722-z
Dong L, Zhou T (2014) The Indian Ocean sea surface temperature
warming simulated by CMIP5 models during the twentieth century:
competing forcing roles of GHGs and anthropogenic aerosols.
J Clim 27(9):3348–3362
Dore JE, Lukas R, Sadler DW, Church MJ, Karl DM (2009) Physical
and biogeochemical modulation of ocean acidification in the central
North Pacific. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:12235–12240
Du Y, Xie S-P (2008) Role of atmospheric adjustments in the tropical
Indian Ocean warming during the 20th century in climate models.
Geophys
Res
Lett
35:L08712.
https://doi.org/10.1029/
2008GL033631
Du Y, Xie S-P, Huang G, Hu K (2009) Role of air-sea interaction in the
long persistence of El Niño-induced north Indian Ocean warming.
J Clim 22(8):2023–2038. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2590.1
Fasullo JT, Otto-Bliesner BL, Stevenson S (2018) ENSO’s changing
influence on temperature, precipitation, and wildfire in a warming
climate. Geophys Res Lett 45:9216–9225. https://doi.org/10.1029/
2018GL079022
Gastineau G, Friedman AR, Khodri M, Vialard J (2018) Global ocean
heat content redistribution during 1998–2012 Interdecadal Pacific
Oscillation negative phase. Clim Dyn 53:1187–1208. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00382-018-4424-8
Gnanaseelan C, Roxy MK, Deshpande A (2017) Variability and trends
of sea surface temperature and circulation in the Indian Ocean. In:
Rajeevan MN, Nayak S (eds) Observed climate variability and
change over the Indian Region, vol 10. Springer, Singapore, pp
165-179. Doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2531-0
Graham NE, Barnett TP (1987) Sea surface temperature, surface wind
divergence, and convection over tropical oceans. Science 238
(4827):657–659
Gille ST (2002) Warming of the Southern Ocean since the 1950s.
Science 295(5558):1275–1277
Han W, Vialard J, McPhaden MJ, Lee T, Masumoto Y, Feng M, De
Ruijter WP (2014) Indian Ocean decadal variability: a review. Bull
Amer Meteor Soc 95(11):1679–1703. https://doi.org/10.1175/
BAMS-D-13-00028.1
Helly JJ, Levin LA (2004) Global distribution of naturally occurring
marine hypoxia on continental margins. Deep-Sea Res I 51:1159–
1168
Hu S, Fedorov AV (2019) Indian Ocean warming can strengthen the
Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Nat Clim Chang 9:747–
751
Hughes TP et al (2018) Global warming transforms coral reef
assemblages. Nature 556:492–496. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586018-0041-2
IPCC (2014) Climate change 2014: synthesis report. Contribution of
working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the
intergovernmental panel on climate change, vol 151. IPCC, Geneva,
Switzerland. (Core Writing Team, Pachauri RK, Meyer LA (eds))
Izumo T, Montégut CB, Luo JJ, Behera SK, Masson S, Yamagata T
(2008) The role of the western Arabian Sea upwelling in Indian
monsoon rainfall variability. J Clim 21(21):5603–5623
Jin X, Kwon Y, Ummenhoffer CC, Seo H, Schwarzkopf FU,
Biastoch A, Boning CW, Wright JS (2018) Influence of Pacific
climate variability on decadal subsurface ocean heat content in the
Indian Ocean. J Clim 31:4157–4171. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLID-17-0654.1
Keeling RF, Arne Körtzinger A, Gruber N (2010) Ocean deoxygenation in a warming world. Annu Rev Mar Sci 2:199–229
Klein SA, Soden BJ, Lau NC (1999) Remote sea surface temperature
variations during ENSO: evidence for a tropical atmospheric bridge.
J Clim 12:917–932. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)
012,0917:RSSTVD.2.0.CO;2
Koslow JA, Goericke R, Lara-Lopez A, Watson W (2011) Impact of
declining intermediate-water oxygen on deepwater fishes in the
California Current. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 436:207–218
Kouketsu S, Kawano T, Masuda S, Sugiura N, Sasaki Y, Toyoda T,
Igarashi H, Kawai Y, Katsumata K, Uchida H, Fukasawa M (2011)
Deep ocean heat content changes estimated from observation and
reanalysis product and their influence on sea level change. J Geophys
Res 116:C03012. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006464
Kumar A, Wen CH (2016) An oceanic heat content-based definition for
the Pacific decadal oscillation. Mon Weather Rev 144(10):3977–
3984. https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-16-0080.1
Lau NC, Nath MJ (2000) Impact of ENSO on the variability of the
Asian-Australian monsoons as simulated in GCM experiments.
J Clim 13(24):4287–4309. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442
(2000)013%3c4287:IOEOTV%3e2.0.CO;2
Lee P-F, Chen I-C, Tzeng W-N (2005) Spatial and temporal
distribution patterns of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Indian
Ocean. Zool Stud Taipei 44(2):260
Lee SK, Park W, Baringer M, Gordon AL, Huber B, Liu Y (2015)
Pacific origin of the abrupt increase in Indian Ocean heat content
during the warming hiatus. Nat Geosci 8:445–449. https://doi.org/
10.1038/NGEO2438
Levitus S, Antonov JI, Boyer TP, Locarnini RA, Garcia HE,
Mishonov AV (2009) Global ocean heat content 1955–2008 in
light of recently revealed instrumentation problems. Geophys Res
Lett 36:L07608. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL037155
Levitus S, Antonov JI, Wang J, Delworth TL, Dixon KW, Broccoli AJ
(2001) Anthropogenic warming of earth’s climate system. Science
292(5515):267–270. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1058154
Li G, Xie S-P, Du Y (2016) A robust but spurious pattern of climate
change in model projections over the tropical Indian Ocean. J Clim
29:5589–5608. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0565.1
Liu W, Xie SP, Lu J (2016) Tracking ocean heat uptake during the
surface warming hiatus. Nat Commun 7:10926. https://doi.org/10.
1038/ncomms10926
Li Y, Han W, Hu A, Meehl GA, Wang F (2018) Multidecadal changes
of the upper Indian Ocean heat content during 1965–2016. J Clim
31:7863–7884. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0116.1
Mishra V, Smoliak BV, Lettenmaier DP, Wallace JM (2012) A
prominent pattern of year-to-year variability in Indian Summer
Monsoon Rainfall. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(19):7213–7217
Mohapatra S, Gnanaseelan C, Deepa JS (2020) Multidecadal to decadal
variability in the equatorial Indian Ocean subsurface temperature
and the forcing mechanisms. Clim Dyn 54:3475–3487. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00382-020-05185-7
Nagamani PV, Ali MM, Goni GJ, Bhaskar TU, McCreary JP,
Weller RA, Rajeevan M, Krishna VG, Pezzullo JC (2016) Heat
content of the Arabian Sea Mini Warm Pool is increasing. Atmos
Sci Lett 17(1):39–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.596
Oliver ECJ et al (2018) Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves
over the past century. Nat Commun 9:1324. https://doi.org/10.1038/
s41467-018-03732-9
Palmer MD, Roberts CD, Balmaseda M, Chang YS, Chepurin G,
Ferry N, Fujii Y, Good SA, Guinehut S, Haines K, Hernandez F
(2017) Ocean heat content variability and change in an ensemble of
ocean reanalyses. Clim Dyn 49(3):909–930. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s00382-015-2801-0
204
M. K. Roxy et al.
sea surface temperature trends revisited. Geophys Res Lett 37:
L10701. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043321
Dong L, McPhaden MJ (2016) Interhemispheric SST gradient trends in
the Indian Ocean prior to and during the Recent global warming
hiatus. J Clim 29:9077–9095. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-160130.1
Dong L, Zhou T, Wu B (2014) Indian Ocean warming during 1958–
2004 simulated by a climate system model and its mechanism. Clim
Dyn 42:203–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1722-z
Dong L, Zhou T (2014) The Indian Ocean sea surface temperature
warming simulated by CMIP5 models during the twentieth century:
competing forcing roles of GHGs and anthropogenic aerosols.
J Clim 27(9):3348–3362
Dore JE, Lukas R, Sadler DW, Church MJ, Karl DM (2009) Physical
and biogeochemical modulation of ocean acidification in the central
North Pacific. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:12235–12240
Du Y, Xie S-P (2008) Role of atmospheric adjustments in the tropical
Indian Ocean warming during the 20th century in climate models.
Geophys
Res
Lett
35:L08712.
https://doi.org/10.1029/
2008GL033631
Du Y, Xie S-P, Huang G, Hu K (2009) Role of air-sea interaction in the
long persistence of El Niño-induced north Indian Ocean warming.
J Clim 22(8):2023–2038. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2590.1
Fasullo JT, Otto-Bliesner BL, Stevenson S (2018) ENSO’s changing
influence on temperature, precipitation, and wildfire in a warming
climate. Geophys Res Lett 45:9216–9225. https://doi.org/10.1029/
2018GL079022
Gastineau G, Friedman AR, Khodri M, Vialard J (2018) Global ocean
heat content redistribution during 1998–2012 Interdecadal Pacific
Oscillation negative phase. Clim Dyn 53:1187–1208. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00382-018-4424-8
Gnanaseelan C, Roxy MK, Deshpande A (2017) Variability and trends
of sea surface temperature and circulation in the Indian Ocean. In:
Rajeevan MN, Nayak S (eds) Observed climate variability and
change over the Indian Region, vol 10. Springer, Singapore, pp
165-179. Doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2531-0
Graham NE, Barnett TP (1987) Sea surface temperature, surface wind
divergence, and convection over tropical oceans. Science 238
(4827):657–659
Gille ST (2002) Warming of the Southern Ocean since the 1950s.
Science 295(5558):1275–1277
Han W, Vialard J, McPhaden MJ, Lee T, Masumoto Y, Feng M, De
Ruijter WP (2014) Indian Ocean decadal variability: a review. Bull
Amer Meteor Soc 95(11):1679–1703. https://doi.org/10.1175/
BAMS-D-13-00028.1
Helly JJ, Levin LA (2004) Global distribution of naturally occurring
marine hypoxia on continental margins. Deep-Sea Res I 51:1159–
1168
Hu S, Fedorov AV (2019) Indian Ocean warming can strengthen the
Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Nat Clim Chang 9:747–
751
Hughes TP et al (2018) Global warming transforms coral reef
assemblages. Nature 556:492–496. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586018-0041-2
IPCC (2014) Climate change 2014: synthesis report. Contribution of
working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the
intergovernmental panel on climate change, vol 151. IPCC, Geneva,
Switzerland. (Core Writing Team, Pachauri RK, Meyer LA (eds))
Izumo T, Montégut CB, Luo JJ, Behera SK, Masson S, Yamagata T
(2008) The role of the western Arabian Sea upwelling in Indian
monsoon rainfall variability. J Clim 21(21):5603–5623
Jin X, Kwon Y, Ummenhoffer CC, Seo H, Schwarzkopf FU,
Biastoch A, Boning CW, Wright JS (2018) Influence of Pacific
climate variability on decadal subsurface ocean heat content in the
Indian Ocean. J Clim 31:4157–4171. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLID-17-0654.1
Keeling RF, Arne Körtzinger A, Gruber N (2010) Ocean deoxygenation in a warming world. Annu Rev Mar Sci 2:199–229
Klein SA, Soden BJ, Lau NC (1999) Remote sea surface temperature
variations during ENSO: evidence for a tropical atmospheric bridge.
J Clim 12:917–932. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)
012,0917:RSSTVD.2.0.CO;2
Koslow JA, Goericke R, Lara-Lopez A, Watson W (2011) Impact of
declining intermediate-water oxygen on deepwater fishes in the
California Current. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 436:207–218
Kouketsu S, Kawano T, Masuda S, Sugiura N, Sasaki Y, Toyoda T,
Igarashi H, Kawai Y, Katsumata K, Uchida H, Fukasawa M (2011)
Deep ocean heat content changes estimated from observation and
reanalysis product and their influence on sea level change. J Geophys
Res 116:C03012. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006464
Kumar A, Wen CH (2016) An oceanic heat content-based definition for
the Pacific decadal oscillation. Mon Weather Rev 144(10):3977–
3984. https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-16-0080.1
Lau NC, Nath MJ (2000) Impact of ENSO on the variability of the
Asian-Australian monsoons as simulated in GCM experiments.
J Clim 13(24):4287–4309. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442
(2000)013%3c4287:IOEOTV%3e2.0.CO;2
Lee P-F, Chen I-C, Tzeng W-N (2005) Spatial and temporal
distribution patterns of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Indian
Ocean. Zool Stud Taipei 44(2):260
Lee SK, Park W, Baringer M, Gordon AL, Huber B, Liu Y (2015)
Pacific origin of the abrupt increase in Indian Ocean heat content
during the warming hiatus. Nat Geosci 8:445–449. https://doi.org/
10.1038/NGEO2438
Levitus S, Antonov JI, Boyer TP, Locarnini RA, Garcia HE,
Mishonov AV (2009) Global ocean heat content 1955–2008 in
light of recently revealed instrumentation problems. Geophys Res
Lett 36:L07608. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL037155
Levitus S, Antonov JI, Wang J, Delworth TL, Dixon KW, Broccoli AJ
(2001) Anthropogenic warming of earth’s climate system. Science
292(5515):267–270. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1058154
Li G, Xie S-P, Du Y (2016) A robust but spurious pattern of climate
change in model projections over the tropical Indian Ocean. J Clim
29:5589–5608. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0565.1
Liu W, Xie SP, Lu J (2016) Tracking ocean heat uptake during the
surface warming hiatus. Nat Commun 7:10926. https://doi.org/10.
1038/ncomms10926
Li Y, Han W, Hu A, Meehl GA, Wang F (2018) Multidecadal changes
of the upper Indian Ocean heat content during 1965–2016. J Clim
31:7863–7884. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0116.1
Mishra V, Smoliak BV, Lettenmaier DP, Wallace JM (2012) A
prominent pattern of year-to-year variability in Indian Summer
Monsoon Rainfall. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(19):7213–7217
Mohapatra S, Gnanaseelan C, Deepa JS (2020) Multidecadal to decadal
variability in the equatorial Indian Ocean subsurface temperature
and the forcing mechanisms. Clim Dyn 54:3475–3487. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00382-020-05185-7
Nagamani PV, Ali MM, Goni GJ, Bhaskar TU, McCreary JP,
Weller RA, Rajeevan M, Krishna VG, Pezzullo JC (2016) Heat
content of the Arabian Sea Mini Warm Pool is increasing. Atmos
Sci Lett 17(1):39–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.596
Oliver ECJ et al (2018) Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves
over the past century. Nat Commun 9:1324. https://doi.org/10.1038/
s41467-018-03732-9
Palmer MD, Roberts CD, Balmaseda M, Chang YS, Chepurin G,
Ferry N, Fujii Y, Good SA, Guinehut S, Haines K, Hernandez F
(2017) Ocean heat content variability and change in an ensemble of
ocean reanalyses. Clim Dyn 49(3):909–930. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s00382-015-2801-0
204
M. K. Roxy et al.