Ocean Dipole. Int J Climatol 31:1334–1352. https://doi.org/10.
1002/joc.2156
Krishnan R, Sabin TP, Madhura RK, Vellore RK, Mujumdar M,
Sanjay J, Nayak S, Rajeevan M (2019) Non-monsoonal precipitation response over the Western Himalayas to climate change. Clim
Dyn 52:4091–4109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4357-2
Kumar N, Yadav BP, Gahlot S, Singh M (2015) Winter frequency of
western disturbances and precipitation indices over Himachal
Pradesh, India: 1977–2007. Atmosfera 28(1):63–70
Lang TJ, Barros AP (2004) Winter storms in the central Himalayas.
J Meteorol Soc Jpn 82:829–844
Madhura RK, Krishnan R, Revadekar JV, Mujumdar M, Goswami BN
(2015) Changes in western disturbances over the western Himalayas
in a warming environment. Clim Dyn 44:1157–1168
Mak MK (1983) A moist baroclinic model for monsoonal
mid-tropospheric cyclogenesis. J Atmos Sci 40:1154–1162
Mandke S, Bhide UV (2003) A study of decreasing storm frequency
over Bay of Bengal. Ind J Meteorol Geophys 7:53–58
Miller FR, Keshavamurthy RN (1968) Structure of an Arabian Sea
summer monsoon system. Meteorological monographs no. 1. East–
West Center Press, 94 pp
Mohanty UC, Madan OP, Rao PLS, Raju PVS (1998) Meteorological
fields associated with western disturbances in relation to glacier
basins of western Himalayas during winter season. Center for
Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Technical
report, New Delhi
Mohapatra M, Srivastava AK, Balachandran S, Geetha B (2017)
Inter-annual variation and trends in Tropical Cyclones and Monsoon Depressions over the North Indian Ocean. In: Rajeevan M,
Nayak S (Eds) Observed Climate Variability and Change over the
Indian Region. Springer Geology. Springer, Singapore
Mooley DA (1957) The role of western disturbances in the prediction
of weather over India during different seasons. Ind J Meteorol
Geophys 8:253–260
Mooley DA (1973) Some aspects of Indian monsoon depression and
associated rainfall. Mon Wea Rev 101:271–280
Mooley DA, Shukla J (1987) Characteristics of the westward-moving
summer monsoon low pressure systems over the Indian region and
their relationship with the monsoon rainfall. University of Maryland
Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Interactions Report, p 47
Mooley DA, Shukla J (1989) Main features of the westward-moving
low pressure systems which form over the Indian region during the
summer monsoon season and their relation to the monsoon rainfall.
Mausam 40:137–152
Nikumbh AC, Chakraborty A, Bhat GS (2019) Recent spatial
aggregation tendency of rainfall extremes over India. Sci
Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46719-2
Pai DS, Sridhar L, Rajeevan M, Sreejith O, Satbhai N, Mukhopadhyay B (2014) Development of a new high spatial resolution
(0.25 Â 0.25) long period (1901–2010) daily gridded rainfall data
set over India and its comparison with existing data sets over the
region. Mausam 65:1–18
Pai DS, Sridhar L, Badwaik MR, Rajeevan M (2015) Analysis of the
daily rainfall events over India using a new long period (1901–
2010) high resolution (0.25° Â 0.25°) gridded rainfall data set.
Climate Dynamics 45 (3–4):755–776
Patwardhan S, Bhalme HN (2001) A study of cyclonic disturbances
over India and the adjacent ocean. Int J Climatol 21:527–534
Patwardhan S, Kulkarni A, Kumar K (2012) Impact of global warming
on cyclonic disturbances over south Asian region. J Earth Syst Sci
121(1):203–210
Pisharoty PR, Desai BN (1956) Western disturbances and Indian
weather. Ind J Meteorol Geophys 8:333–338
Prajeesh AG, Ashok K, Rao DVB (2013) Falling monsoon depression
frequency: a gray-sikka conditions perspective. Scientific Reports
3:2989. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep02989
Praveen V, Sandeep S, Ajayamohan RS (2015) On the relationship
between mean monsoon precipitation and low pressure systems in
climate model simulations. J Clim 28:5305–5324
Puranik DM, Karekar RN (2009) Western disturbances seen with
AMSU-B and infrared sensors. J Earth Syst Sci 118(1):27–39
Raghavan K (1967) Influence of tropical storms on monsoon rainfall in
India. Weather 22:250–256
Rajeevan M, De US, Prasad RK (2000) Decadal variation of sea surface
temperatures, cloudiness and monsoon depressions in the north
Indian Ocean. Curr Sci 79:283–285
Rajendra Kumar J, Dash S (2001) Interdecadal variations of characteristics of monsoon disturbances and their epochal relationships
with rainfall and other tropical features. Int J Climatol 21:759–771
Raju PVS, Bhatla R, Mohanty UC (2011) A study on certain aspects of
kinetic energy associated with western disturbances over northwest
India. Atmósfera 24:375–384
Ramesh Kumar MR, Krishnan R, Syam S, Unnikrishnan AS, Pai DS
(2009) Increasing trend of ‘break-monsoon’ conditions over India—
role of ocean–atmosphere processes in the Indian Ocean. Geosci
Rem Sens Lett IEEE 6(2):332–336
Rangachary N, Bandyopadhyay BK (1987) An analysis of the synoptic
weather pattern associated with extensive avalanching in Western
Himalaya. Int Assoc Hydrol Sci Publ 162:311–316
Rao VB, Rao ST (1971) A theoretical and synoptic study of western
disturbances. Pure appl Geophys 90:193–208
Rao YP, Srinivasan V (1969) Forecasting manual, Part II Discussion of
typical weather situation: winter western disturbances and their
associated features. India Meteorological Department, FMU Report
No. III-1
Rao B, Rao D, Rao VB (2004) Decreasing trend in the strength of
tropical easterly jet during the Asian summer monsoon season and
the number of tropical cyclonic systems over bay of Bengal.
Geophys Res Lett 31. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl019817
Rastogi D, Ashfaq M, Leung LR, Ghosh S, Saha A, Hodges K,
Evans K (2018) Characteristics of Bay of Bengal monsoon
depressions in the 21st century. Geophys Res Lett 45(13):6637–
6645
Revadekar JV, Varikoden H, Preethi B, Mujumdar M (2016) Precipitation extremes during Indian summer monsoon: role of cyclonic
disturbances. Nat Hazards 81(3):1611–1625
Ridley J, Wiltshire A, Mathison C (2013) More frequent occurrence of
westerly disturbances in Karakoram up to 2100. Sci Total Environ.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.074
Roxy MK, Ghosh S, Pathak A, Athulya R, Mujumdar M, Murtugudde R, Terray P, Rajeevan M (2017) A threefold rise in
widespread extreme rain events over central India. Nat Commun 8
(1):708
Roy SS, Roy Bhowmik SK (2005) Analysis of thermodynamics of the
atmosphere over north west India during the passage of a western
disturbance as revealed by model analysis field. Curr Sci 88:947–
951
Saha K, Sanders F, Shukla J (1981) Westward propagating predecessors of monsoon depressions. Mon Wea Rev 109:330–343
Sandeep S, Ajayamohan RS, Boos WR, Sabin TP, Praveen V (2018)
Decline and poleward shift in Indian summer monsoon synoptic
activity in a warming climate. Proc Natl Acad Sci 115(11):2681–
2686
Schiemann R, Lüthi D, Schär C (2009) Seasonality and interannual
variability of the westerly jet in the Tibetan Plateau region. J Clim
22:2940–2957. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2625.1
7 Synoptic Scale Systems
153
1002/joc.2156
Krishnan R, Sabin TP, Madhura RK, Vellore RK, Mujumdar M,
Sanjay J, Nayak S, Rajeevan M (2019) Non-monsoonal precipitation response over the Western Himalayas to climate change. Clim
Dyn 52:4091–4109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4357-2
Kumar N, Yadav BP, Gahlot S, Singh M (2015) Winter frequency of
western disturbances and precipitation indices over Himachal
Pradesh, India: 1977–2007. Atmosfera 28(1):63–70
Lang TJ, Barros AP (2004) Winter storms in the central Himalayas.
J Meteorol Soc Jpn 82:829–844
Madhura RK, Krishnan R, Revadekar JV, Mujumdar M, Goswami BN
(2015) Changes in western disturbances over the western Himalayas
in a warming environment. Clim Dyn 44:1157–1168
Mak MK (1983) A moist baroclinic model for monsoonal
mid-tropospheric cyclogenesis. J Atmos Sci 40:1154–1162
Mandke S, Bhide UV (2003) A study of decreasing storm frequency
over Bay of Bengal. Ind J Meteorol Geophys 7:53–58
Miller FR, Keshavamurthy RN (1968) Structure of an Arabian Sea
summer monsoon system. Meteorological monographs no. 1. East–
West Center Press, 94 pp
Mohanty UC, Madan OP, Rao PLS, Raju PVS (1998) Meteorological
fields associated with western disturbances in relation to glacier
basins of western Himalayas during winter season. Center for
Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Technical
report, New Delhi
Mohapatra M, Srivastava AK, Balachandran S, Geetha B (2017)
Inter-annual variation and trends in Tropical Cyclones and Monsoon Depressions over the North Indian Ocean. In: Rajeevan M,
Nayak S (Eds) Observed Climate Variability and Change over the
Indian Region. Springer Geology. Springer, Singapore
Mooley DA (1957) The role of western disturbances in the prediction
of weather over India during different seasons. Ind J Meteorol
Geophys 8:253–260
Mooley DA (1973) Some aspects of Indian monsoon depression and
associated rainfall. Mon Wea Rev 101:271–280
Mooley DA, Shukla J (1987) Characteristics of the westward-moving
summer monsoon low pressure systems over the Indian region and
their relationship with the monsoon rainfall. University of Maryland
Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Interactions Report, p 47
Mooley DA, Shukla J (1989) Main features of the westward-moving
low pressure systems which form over the Indian region during the
summer monsoon season and their relation to the monsoon rainfall.
Mausam 40:137–152
Nikumbh AC, Chakraborty A, Bhat GS (2019) Recent spatial
aggregation tendency of rainfall extremes over India. Sci
Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46719-2
Pai DS, Sridhar L, Rajeevan M, Sreejith O, Satbhai N, Mukhopadhyay B (2014) Development of a new high spatial resolution
(0.25 Â 0.25) long period (1901–2010) daily gridded rainfall data
set over India and its comparison with existing data sets over the
region. Mausam 65:1–18
Pai DS, Sridhar L, Badwaik MR, Rajeevan M (2015) Analysis of the
daily rainfall events over India using a new long period (1901–
2010) high resolution (0.25° Â 0.25°) gridded rainfall data set.
Climate Dynamics 45 (3–4):755–776
Patwardhan S, Bhalme HN (2001) A study of cyclonic disturbances
over India and the adjacent ocean. Int J Climatol 21:527–534
Patwardhan S, Kulkarni A, Kumar K (2012) Impact of global warming
on cyclonic disturbances over south Asian region. J Earth Syst Sci
121(1):203–210
Pisharoty PR, Desai BN (1956) Western disturbances and Indian
weather. Ind J Meteorol Geophys 8:333–338
Prajeesh AG, Ashok K, Rao DVB (2013) Falling monsoon depression
frequency: a gray-sikka conditions perspective. Scientific Reports
3:2989. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep02989
Praveen V, Sandeep S, Ajayamohan RS (2015) On the relationship
between mean monsoon precipitation and low pressure systems in
climate model simulations. J Clim 28:5305–5324
Puranik DM, Karekar RN (2009) Western disturbances seen with
AMSU-B and infrared sensors. J Earth Syst Sci 118(1):27–39
Raghavan K (1967) Influence of tropical storms on monsoon rainfall in
India. Weather 22:250–256
Rajeevan M, De US, Prasad RK (2000) Decadal variation of sea surface
temperatures, cloudiness and monsoon depressions in the north
Indian Ocean. Curr Sci 79:283–285
Rajendra Kumar J, Dash S (2001) Interdecadal variations of characteristics of monsoon disturbances and their epochal relationships
with rainfall and other tropical features. Int J Climatol 21:759–771
Raju PVS, Bhatla R, Mohanty UC (2011) A study on certain aspects of
kinetic energy associated with western disturbances over northwest
India. Atmósfera 24:375–384
Ramesh Kumar MR, Krishnan R, Syam S, Unnikrishnan AS, Pai DS
(2009) Increasing trend of ‘break-monsoon’ conditions over India—
role of ocean–atmosphere processes in the Indian Ocean. Geosci
Rem Sens Lett IEEE 6(2):332–336
Rangachary N, Bandyopadhyay BK (1987) An analysis of the synoptic
weather pattern associated with extensive avalanching in Western
Himalaya. Int Assoc Hydrol Sci Publ 162:311–316
Rao VB, Rao ST (1971) A theoretical and synoptic study of western
disturbances. Pure appl Geophys 90:193–208
Rao YP, Srinivasan V (1969) Forecasting manual, Part II Discussion of
typical weather situation: winter western disturbances and their
associated features. India Meteorological Department, FMU Report
No. III-1
Rao B, Rao D, Rao VB (2004) Decreasing trend in the strength of
tropical easterly jet during the Asian summer monsoon season and
the number of tropical cyclonic systems over bay of Bengal.
Geophys Res Lett 31. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl019817
Rastogi D, Ashfaq M, Leung LR, Ghosh S, Saha A, Hodges K,
Evans K (2018) Characteristics of Bay of Bengal monsoon
depressions in the 21st century. Geophys Res Lett 45(13):6637–
6645
Revadekar JV, Varikoden H, Preethi B, Mujumdar M (2016) Precipitation extremes during Indian summer monsoon: role of cyclonic
disturbances. Nat Hazards 81(3):1611–1625
Ridley J, Wiltshire A, Mathison C (2013) More frequent occurrence of
westerly disturbances in Karakoram up to 2100. Sci Total Environ.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.074
Roxy MK, Ghosh S, Pathak A, Athulya R, Mujumdar M, Murtugudde R, Terray P, Rajeevan M (2017) A threefold rise in
widespread extreme rain events over central India. Nat Commun 8
(1):708
Roy SS, Roy Bhowmik SK (2005) Analysis of thermodynamics of the
atmosphere over north west India during the passage of a western
disturbance as revealed by model analysis field. Curr Sci 88:947–
951
Saha K, Sanders F, Shukla J (1981) Westward propagating predecessors of monsoon depressions. Mon Wea Rev 109:330–343
Sandeep S, Ajayamohan RS, Boos WR, Sabin TP, Praveen V (2018)
Decline and poleward shift in Indian summer monsoon synoptic
activity in a warming climate. Proc Natl Acad Sci 115(11):2681–
2686
Schiemann R, Lüthi D, Schär C (2009) Seasonality and interannual
variability of the westerly jet in the Tibetan Plateau region. J Clim
22:2940–2957. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2625.1
7 Synoptic Scale Systems
153