during boreal winter, impacting the northern parts of India
and the WH region. There is a significant rise in the
observed WD activity during the 1951–2015 period. Yet,
there is no clear consensus from the climate model projections for potential changes in the occurrence of WDs under
global warming.
References
Ajayamohan RS, Merryfield WJ, Kharin VV (2010) Increasing trend of
synoptic activity and its relationship with extreme rain events over
central India. J Clim 23:1004–1013
Bhutiyani MR, Kale VS, Pawar NJ (2007) Long-term trends in
maximum, minimum and mean annual air temperatures across the
northwestern Himalaya during the 20th century. Clim Change
85:159–177
Cannon F, Carvalho LMV, Jones C, Bookhagen B (2015) Multi-annual
variations in winter westerly disturbance activity affecting the
Himalaya. Clim Dyn 44:441–455
Cannon F, Carvalho LMV, Jones C, Norris J (2016) Winter westerly
disturbance dynamics and precipitation in the western Himalaya and
Karakoram: a wave-tracking approach. Theor Appl Clim 125:27–44
Carr FH (1977) Mid-tropospheric cyclones of the summer monsoon.
Pure Appl Geophys (PAGEOPH) 115:1383–1412. https://doi.org/
10.1007/BF00874415
Chattopadhyay J (1970) Power spectrum analysis of atmospheric ozone
content over north India. Pure Appl Geophys 83(1):111–119
Choudhury AD, Krishnan R, Ramarao MVS, Ramesh KV, Manmeet S,
Brian Mapes (2018) A phenomenological paradigm for
mid-tropospheric cyclogenesis in the Indian Summer Monsoon.
J Atmos Sci https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JAS-D17-0356.1
Cohen NY, Boos WR (2014) Has the number of Indian summer
monsoon depressions decreased over the last 30 years? Geophys
Res Lett 41(22):7846–7853
Das MR, Mukhopadhyay RK, Dandekar MM, Kshirsagar SR (2002)
Pre-monsoon western disturbances in relation to monsoon rainfall,
its advancement over NW India and their trends. Curr Sci 82:1320–
1321
Datta RK, Gupta MG (1967) Synoptic study of the formation and
movement of western depressions. Indian J Meteorol Geophys 18
(1):45–50
De US, Dube RK, Rao GP (2005) Extreme weather events over India in
the last 100 years. J Indian Geophys Union 9(3):173–187
Dhar ON, Kulkarni AK, Sangam RB (1984) Some aspects of winter
and monsoon rainfall distribution over the Garhwal-Kumaon
Himalaya: a brief appraisal. Himal Res Dev 2:10–19
Dimri AP (2006) Surface and upper air fields during extreme winter
precipitation over the western Himalayas. Pure appl Geophys
163:1679–1698
Dimri AP (2007) The transport of mass, heat and moisture over
Western Himalayas during winter season. Theor Appl Climatol
90:49–63
Dimri AP (2008) Diagnostic studies of an active western disturbance
over western Himalaya. Mausam 59(2):227–246
Dimri AP (2013a) Interannual variability of Indian winter monsoon
over the western Himalaya. Glob Planet Chang 106:39–50
Dimri AP (2013b) Intraseasonal oscillation associated with the Indian
winter monsoon. J Geophys Res 118:1–10
Dimri AP, Chevuturi A (2016) Western disturbances—an Indian
meteorological perspective. Springer, Berlin, 146 pp
Dimri AP, Niyogi D, Barros AP, Ridley J, Mohanty UC, Yasunari T,
Sikka DR (2015) Western disturbances: a review. Rev Geophys
53:225–246. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014RG000460
Ding Y, Sikka DR (2006) Synoptic systems and weather. In: Wang B
(ed) The Asian monsoon, pp 132–201
Eliot J (1884) Account of southwest monsoon storms generated in the
Bay of Bengal during 1877–1881. Mem Ind Met Dept 2:217–448
Godbole RV (1977) The composite structure of the monsoon depression. Tellus 29:25–40
Goswami BN, Venugopal V, Sengupta D, Madhusoodanan MS,
Xavier PK (2006) Increasing trend of extreme rain events over
India in a warming environment. Science 314:1442–1445
Gray WM (1968) Global view of the origin of tropical disturbances and
storms. Mon Wea Rev 96:669–700
Hatwar HR, Yadav BP, Rama Rao YV (2005) Prediction of western
disturbances and associated weather over Western Himalayas. Curr
Sci 88:913–920
Hunt KM, Turner AG, Inness PM, Parker DE, Levine RC (2016a) On
the structure and dynamics of Indian monsoon depressions. Mon
Wea Rev 144:3391–3416
Hunt KMR, Turner AG, Parker DE (2016b) The spatiotemporal
structure of precipitation in Indian monsoon depressions. Q J R
Meteorol Soc 142:3195–3210
Hunt KM, Curio J, Turner AG, Schiemann R (2018a) Subtropical
westerly jet influence on occurrence of western disturbances and
Tibetan Plateau vortices. Geophys Res Lett 45:8629–8636. https://
doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077734
Hunt KMR, Turner AG, Shaffrey LC (2018b) The evolution, seasonality, and impacts of western disturbances. Q J R Meteorol Soc 144
(710):278–290. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3200
Hunt KMR, Turner AG, Shaffrey LC (2018c) Extreme daily rainfall in
Pakistan and north India: scale-interactions, mechanisms, and
precursors. Mon Wea Rev 146(4):1005–1022
Hunt KM, Turner AG, Shaffrey LC (2019) Falling trend of western
disturbances in future climate simulations. J Clim 32:5037–5051
Hurley JV, Boos WR (2015) A global climatology of monsoon
low-pressure systems Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 141(689):1049–1064
Jadhav SK, Munot AA (2009) Warming SST of bay of Bengal and
decrease in formation of cyclonic disturbances over the Indian
region during southwest monsoon season. Theor Appl Climatol
96:327–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-008-0043-3
Joseph PV, Simon A (2005) Weakening trend of the southwest
monsoon current through peninsular India from 1950 to the present.
Curr Sci 89:687–694
Kalsi SR (1980) On some aspects of interaction between middle
latitude westerlies and monsoon circulation. Mausam 31(2):305–
308
Kalsi SR, Halder SR (1992) Satellite observations of interaction
between tropics and mid-latitudes. Mausam 43:59–64
Kotal SD, Roy SS, Roy Bhowmik SK (2014) Catastrophic heavy
rainfall episode over Uttarakhand during 16–18 June 2013–
observational aspects. Curr Sci 107:234–245
Kothawale DR, Rupa Kumar K (2005) On the recent changes in surface
temperature trends over India. Geophys Res Lett 32:L18714. https://
doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023528
Krishnamurthy V, Ajayamohan RS (2010) Composite structure of
monsoon low pressure systems and its relation to Indian rainfall.
J Clim 23(16):4285–4305
Krishnamurti TN, Hawkins RS (1970) Mid-tropospheric cyclones of
the southwest monsoon. J Appl Meteorol 9:442–458
Krishnamurti TN, Kanamitsu M, Godbole R, Chang CB, Carr F,
Chow JH (1975) Study of a monsoon depression (I): synoptic
structure. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 53:227–240
Krishnan R, Ayantika D, Kumar V, Pokhrel S (2011) The long-lived
monsoon depressions of 2006 and their linkage with the Indian
152
S. Patwardhan et al.
and the WH region. There is a significant rise in the
observed WD activity during the 1951–2015 period. Yet,
there is no clear consensus from the climate model projections for potential changes in the occurrence of WDs under
global warming.
References
Ajayamohan RS, Merryfield WJ, Kharin VV (2010) Increasing trend of
synoptic activity and its relationship with extreme rain events over
central India. J Clim 23:1004–1013
Bhutiyani MR, Kale VS, Pawar NJ (2007) Long-term trends in
maximum, minimum and mean annual air temperatures across the
northwestern Himalaya during the 20th century. Clim Change
85:159–177
Cannon F, Carvalho LMV, Jones C, Bookhagen B (2015) Multi-annual
variations in winter westerly disturbance activity affecting the
Himalaya. Clim Dyn 44:441–455
Cannon F, Carvalho LMV, Jones C, Norris J (2016) Winter westerly
disturbance dynamics and precipitation in the western Himalaya and
Karakoram: a wave-tracking approach. Theor Appl Clim 125:27–44
Carr FH (1977) Mid-tropospheric cyclones of the summer monsoon.
Pure Appl Geophys (PAGEOPH) 115:1383–1412. https://doi.org/
10.1007/BF00874415
Chattopadhyay J (1970) Power spectrum analysis of atmospheric ozone
content over north India. Pure Appl Geophys 83(1):111–119
Choudhury AD, Krishnan R, Ramarao MVS, Ramesh KV, Manmeet S,
Brian Mapes (2018) A phenomenological paradigm for
mid-tropospheric cyclogenesis in the Indian Summer Monsoon.
J Atmos Sci https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JAS-D17-0356.1
Cohen NY, Boos WR (2014) Has the number of Indian summer
monsoon depressions decreased over the last 30 years? Geophys
Res Lett 41(22):7846–7853
Das MR, Mukhopadhyay RK, Dandekar MM, Kshirsagar SR (2002)
Pre-monsoon western disturbances in relation to monsoon rainfall,
its advancement over NW India and their trends. Curr Sci 82:1320–
1321
Datta RK, Gupta MG (1967) Synoptic study of the formation and
movement of western depressions. Indian J Meteorol Geophys 18
(1):45–50
De US, Dube RK, Rao GP (2005) Extreme weather events over India in
the last 100 years. J Indian Geophys Union 9(3):173–187
Dhar ON, Kulkarni AK, Sangam RB (1984) Some aspects of winter
and monsoon rainfall distribution over the Garhwal-Kumaon
Himalaya: a brief appraisal. Himal Res Dev 2:10–19
Dimri AP (2006) Surface and upper air fields during extreme winter
precipitation over the western Himalayas. Pure appl Geophys
163:1679–1698
Dimri AP (2007) The transport of mass, heat and moisture over
Western Himalayas during winter season. Theor Appl Climatol
90:49–63
Dimri AP (2008) Diagnostic studies of an active western disturbance
over western Himalaya. Mausam 59(2):227–246
Dimri AP (2013a) Interannual variability of Indian winter monsoon
over the western Himalaya. Glob Planet Chang 106:39–50
Dimri AP (2013b) Intraseasonal oscillation associated with the Indian
winter monsoon. J Geophys Res 118:1–10
Dimri AP, Chevuturi A (2016) Western disturbances—an Indian
meteorological perspective. Springer, Berlin, 146 pp
Dimri AP, Niyogi D, Barros AP, Ridley J, Mohanty UC, Yasunari T,
Sikka DR (2015) Western disturbances: a review. Rev Geophys
53:225–246. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014RG000460
Ding Y, Sikka DR (2006) Synoptic systems and weather. In: Wang B
(ed) The Asian monsoon, pp 132–201
Eliot J (1884) Account of southwest monsoon storms generated in the
Bay of Bengal during 1877–1881. Mem Ind Met Dept 2:217–448
Godbole RV (1977) The composite structure of the monsoon depression. Tellus 29:25–40
Goswami BN, Venugopal V, Sengupta D, Madhusoodanan MS,
Xavier PK (2006) Increasing trend of extreme rain events over
India in a warming environment. Science 314:1442–1445
Gray WM (1968) Global view of the origin of tropical disturbances and
storms. Mon Wea Rev 96:669–700
Hatwar HR, Yadav BP, Rama Rao YV (2005) Prediction of western
disturbances and associated weather over Western Himalayas. Curr
Sci 88:913–920
Hunt KM, Turner AG, Inness PM, Parker DE, Levine RC (2016a) On
the structure and dynamics of Indian monsoon depressions. Mon
Wea Rev 144:3391–3416
Hunt KMR, Turner AG, Parker DE (2016b) The spatiotemporal
structure of precipitation in Indian monsoon depressions. Q J R
Meteorol Soc 142:3195–3210
Hunt KM, Curio J, Turner AG, Schiemann R (2018a) Subtropical
westerly jet influence on occurrence of western disturbances and
Tibetan Plateau vortices. Geophys Res Lett 45:8629–8636. https://
doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077734
Hunt KMR, Turner AG, Shaffrey LC (2018b) The evolution, seasonality, and impacts of western disturbances. Q J R Meteorol Soc 144
(710):278–290. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3200
Hunt KMR, Turner AG, Shaffrey LC (2018c) Extreme daily rainfall in
Pakistan and north India: scale-interactions, mechanisms, and
precursors. Mon Wea Rev 146(4):1005–1022
Hunt KM, Turner AG, Shaffrey LC (2019) Falling trend of western
disturbances in future climate simulations. J Clim 32:5037–5051
Hurley JV, Boos WR (2015) A global climatology of monsoon
low-pressure systems Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 141(689):1049–1064
Jadhav SK, Munot AA (2009) Warming SST of bay of Bengal and
decrease in formation of cyclonic disturbances over the Indian
region during southwest monsoon season. Theor Appl Climatol
96:327–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-008-0043-3
Joseph PV, Simon A (2005) Weakening trend of the southwest
monsoon current through peninsular India from 1950 to the present.
Curr Sci 89:687–694
Kalsi SR (1980) On some aspects of interaction between middle
latitude westerlies and monsoon circulation. Mausam 31(2):305–
308
Kalsi SR, Halder SR (1992) Satellite observations of interaction
between tropics and mid-latitudes. Mausam 43:59–64
Kotal SD, Roy SS, Roy Bhowmik SK (2014) Catastrophic heavy
rainfall episode over Uttarakhand during 16–18 June 2013–
observational aspects. Curr Sci 107:234–245
Kothawale DR, Rupa Kumar K (2005) On the recent changes in surface
temperature trends over India. Geophys Res Lett 32:L18714. https://
doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023528
Krishnamurthy V, Ajayamohan RS (2010) Composite structure of
monsoon low pressure systems and its relation to Indian rainfall.
J Clim 23(16):4285–4305
Krishnamurti TN, Hawkins RS (1970) Mid-tropospheric cyclones of
the southwest monsoon. J Appl Meteorol 9:442–458
Krishnamurti TN, Kanamitsu M, Godbole R, Chang CB, Carr F,
Chow JH (1975) Study of a monsoon depression (I): synoptic
structure. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 53:227–240
Krishnan R, Ayantika D, Kumar V, Pokhrel S (2011) The long-lived
monsoon depressions of 2006 and their linkage with the Indian
152
S. Patwardhan et al.