However, with more sustainable approaches using green
technologies these rising trends can be controlled.
Carbon cycle study in India using the biogeochemical
models is still in its infancy. Process-based modeling of
GHGs cycle coupled with general circulation models should
be developed to estimate the sources and sinks, and identify
the transport of the GHGs contributed by different natural
and anthropogenic factors. This could be carried out in
association with the radiocarbon analysis of atmospheric
CO 2 in order to partition the emission due to fossil fuel
burning and agricultural practices and/or natural processes.
References
Adhya T, Rath A, Gupta P et al (1994) Methane emission from flooded
rice fields under irrigated conditions. Biol Fertil Soils 18:245–248
Adhya TK, Mishra SR, Rath AK et al (2000) Methane efflux from
rice-based cropping systems under humid tropical conditions of
eastern India. Agr Ecosyst Environ 79:85–90
Ahongshangbam J, Patel NR, Kushwaha SPS, Watham T, Dadhwal VK
(2016) Estimating gross primary production of a forest plantation
area using eddy covariance data and satellite imagery. J Indian Soc
Remote Sens 44:895–904
Bala G, Gopalakrishnan R, Jayaraman M, Nemani R, Ravindranath NH
(2011) CO 2 -fertilization and potential future terrestrial carbon
uptake in India. Mitig Adapt Strat Gl 16:143–160
Bala G, Joshi J, Chaturvedi RK, Gangamani HV, Hashimoto H,
Nemani R (2013) Trends and variability of AVHRR-derived NPP in
India. Remote Sens 5:810–829. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5020810
Banger K, Tian H, Tao B, Ren W, Pan S, Dangal S, Yang J (2015)
Terrestrial net primary productivity in India during 1901–2010:
contributions from multiple environmental changes. Clim Change
132(4):575–588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1448-5
Barlow JM, Palmer PI, Bruhwiler LM, Tans P (2015) Analysis of CO 2
mole fraction data: first evidence of large-scale changes in CO 2
uptake at high northern latitudes. Atmos Chem Phys 15:13739–
13758. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13739-2015
Berhanu TA, Szidat S, Brunner D, Satar E, Schanda R, Nyfeler P,
Battaglia M, Steinbacher M, Hammer S, Leuenberger M (2017)
Estimation of the fossil fuel component in atmospheric CO 2 based
on radiocarbon measurements at the Beromünster tall tower,
Switzerland. Atmos Chem Phys 17:10753–10766
Bhatia A, Pathak H, Jain N, Singh PK, Singh AK (2005) Global
warming potential of manure amended soils under rice-wheat
system in the Indo-Gangetic plains. Atmos Environ 39:6976–6984
Bhattacharya SK, Borole DV, Francey RJ, Allison CE, Steele LP,
Krummel P, Langenfelds R, Masarie KA, Tiwari YK, Patra PK
(2009) Trace gases and CO 2 isotope records from Cabo de Rama,
India. Curr Sci 97:1336–1344
Bose T, Chakraborty S, Borgaonkar HP, Sengupta S, Ramesh R (2014)
Estimation of past atmospheric carbon dioxide levels using tree-ring
cellulose d13C. Curr Sci 107(6):971–982
Calvin K, Bond-Lambert B, Clarke L, Edmonds J, Eom J, Hartin C,
Kim S, Kyle P, Link R, Moss R, McJeon H, Patel P, Smith S,
Waldhoff S, Wise M (2016) SSP4: a world of inequality. Glob
Environ Change. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.06.010
Cervarich M et al (2016) The terrestrial carbon budget of South and
Southeast Asia. Environ Res Lett 11(10). https://doi.org/10.1088/
1748-9326/11/10/105006
Chakraborty S, Ramesh R, Krishnaswami S (1994) Air-sea exchange of
CO 2 in the Gulf of Kutch, northern Arabian Sea based on
bomb-carbon in corals and tree rings. Proc Indian Acad Sci (Earth
Planet Sci) 103:329–340
Chakraborty S, Dutta K, Bhattacharyya A, Nigam M, Schuur EAG,
Shah S (2008) Atmospheric
14
C variability recorded in tree rings
from Peninsular India: implications for fossil fuel CO 2 emission and
atmospheric transport. Radiocarbon 50(3):321–330
Chakraborty S, Metya A, Datye A, Deb Burman PK, Sarma D,
Gogoi N, Bora A (2020) Eddy covariance and CRDS based
techniques of GHGs measurements provide additional constraint in
partitioning the net ecosystem exchange. EGU General Assembly
2020 Abstract volume; https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020901
Chanda A, Akhand A, Manna S, Dutta S, Hazra S et al (2013)
Characterizing spatial and seasonal variability of carbon dioxide and
water vapour fluxes above a tropical mixed mangrove forest
canopy, India. J Earth Sys Sci 122:503–513
Chanda A, Akhand A, Manna S et al (2014) Measuring daytime CO 2
fluxes from the inter-tidal mangrove soils of Indian Sundarbans.
Environ Earth Sci 72:417–427
Chandra N, Hayashida S, Saeki T, Patra PK (2017) What controls the
seasonal cycle of columnar methane observed by GOSAT over
different regions in India? Atmos Chem Phys 17:12633–12643.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12633-2017
Chandra N, Venkataramani S, Lal S, Patra PK, Ramonete M, Lin X,
Sharma SK (2019) Observational evidence of high methane
emissions over a city in western India. Atmos Environ 202:41–52
Chatterjee A, Roy A, Chakraborty S, Sarkar C, Singh S, Karipot AK,
Ghosh SK, Mitra A, Raha S (2018) Biosphere atmosphere exchange
of CO 2 , H 2 O vapour and energy during spring over a high altitude
Himalayan forest in eastern India. Aerosol Air Qual Res. https://doi.
org/10.4209/aaqr.2017.12.0605
Chhabra A, Dadhwal VK (2004) Estimating terrestrial net primary
productivity over India using satellite data. Curr Sci 86:269–271
Chen C, Park T, Wang X, Piao S, Xu B, Chaturvedi RK, Fuchs R,
Brovkin V, Ciais P, Fensholt R, Tømmervik H, Bala G, Zhu Z,
Nemani RR, Myneni RB (2019) China and India lead in greening of
the world through land-use management. Nat Sustain 2:122–129
Ciais P, et al (2014) Carbon and other biogeochemical cycles. Climate
change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working
Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, pp 465–570
Dadhwal VK (2012) Assessment of Indian carbon cycle components
using earth observation systems and ground inventory. ISPRS Int
Arch Photogram Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci XXXIX-B8:249–254
Datta A, Adhya TK (2014) Effects of organic nitrification inhibitors on
methane and nitrous oxide emission from tropical rice paddy.
Atmos Environ 92:533–545
Davidson EA, Kanter D (2014) Inventories and scenarios of nitrous
oxide emissions. Environ Res Lett 9:105012. https://doi.org/10.
1088/1748-9326/9/10/105012
Deb Burman PK, Sarma D, Williams M, Karipot A, Chakraborty S
(2017) Estimating gross primary productivity of a tropical forest
ecosystem over north-east India using LAI and meteorological
variables. J Earth Syst Sci 126:99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040017-0874-3
Deb Burman PK, Sarma D, Morrison R, Karipot A, Chakraborty S
(2019) Seasonal variation of evapotranspiration and its effect on the
surface energy budget closure at a tropical forest over north-east
India. J Earth Syst Sci 128:127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040019-1158-x
Deb Burman PK, Shurpali NJ, Chowdhuri S, Karipot A, Chakraborty S,
Lind SE, Martikainen PJ, Arola A, Tiwari YK, Murugavel P,
4 Observations and Modeling of GHG Concentrations and Fluxes …
89
technologies these rising trends can be controlled.
Carbon cycle study in India using the biogeochemical
models is still in its infancy. Process-based modeling of
GHGs cycle coupled with general circulation models should
be developed to estimate the sources and sinks, and identify
the transport of the GHGs contributed by different natural
and anthropogenic factors. This could be carried out in
association with the radiocarbon analysis of atmospheric
CO 2 in order to partition the emission due to fossil fuel
burning and agricultural practices and/or natural processes.
References
Adhya T, Rath A, Gupta P et al (1994) Methane emission from flooded
rice fields under irrigated conditions. Biol Fertil Soils 18:245–248
Adhya TK, Mishra SR, Rath AK et al (2000) Methane efflux from
rice-based cropping systems under humid tropical conditions of
eastern India. Agr Ecosyst Environ 79:85–90
Ahongshangbam J, Patel NR, Kushwaha SPS, Watham T, Dadhwal VK
(2016) Estimating gross primary production of a forest plantation
area using eddy covariance data and satellite imagery. J Indian Soc
Remote Sens 44:895–904
Bala G, Gopalakrishnan R, Jayaraman M, Nemani R, Ravindranath NH
(2011) CO 2 -fertilization and potential future terrestrial carbon
uptake in India. Mitig Adapt Strat Gl 16:143–160
Bala G, Joshi J, Chaturvedi RK, Gangamani HV, Hashimoto H,
Nemani R (2013) Trends and variability of AVHRR-derived NPP in
India. Remote Sens 5:810–829. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5020810
Banger K, Tian H, Tao B, Ren W, Pan S, Dangal S, Yang J (2015)
Terrestrial net primary productivity in India during 1901–2010:
contributions from multiple environmental changes. Clim Change
132(4):575–588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1448-5
Barlow JM, Palmer PI, Bruhwiler LM, Tans P (2015) Analysis of CO 2
mole fraction data: first evidence of large-scale changes in CO 2
uptake at high northern latitudes. Atmos Chem Phys 15:13739–
13758. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13739-2015
Berhanu TA, Szidat S, Brunner D, Satar E, Schanda R, Nyfeler P,
Battaglia M, Steinbacher M, Hammer S, Leuenberger M (2017)
Estimation of the fossil fuel component in atmospheric CO 2 based
on radiocarbon measurements at the Beromünster tall tower,
Switzerland. Atmos Chem Phys 17:10753–10766
Bhatia A, Pathak H, Jain N, Singh PK, Singh AK (2005) Global
warming potential of manure amended soils under rice-wheat
system in the Indo-Gangetic plains. Atmos Environ 39:6976–6984
Bhattacharya SK, Borole DV, Francey RJ, Allison CE, Steele LP,
Krummel P, Langenfelds R, Masarie KA, Tiwari YK, Patra PK
(2009) Trace gases and CO 2 isotope records from Cabo de Rama,
India. Curr Sci 97:1336–1344
Bose T, Chakraborty S, Borgaonkar HP, Sengupta S, Ramesh R (2014)
Estimation of past atmospheric carbon dioxide levels using tree-ring
cellulose d13C. Curr Sci 107(6):971–982
Calvin K, Bond-Lambert B, Clarke L, Edmonds J, Eom J, Hartin C,
Kim S, Kyle P, Link R, Moss R, McJeon H, Patel P, Smith S,
Waldhoff S, Wise M (2016) SSP4: a world of inequality. Glob
Environ Change. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.06.010
Cervarich M et al (2016) The terrestrial carbon budget of South and
Southeast Asia. Environ Res Lett 11(10). https://doi.org/10.1088/
1748-9326/11/10/105006
Chakraborty S, Ramesh R, Krishnaswami S (1994) Air-sea exchange of
CO 2 in the Gulf of Kutch, northern Arabian Sea based on
bomb-carbon in corals and tree rings. Proc Indian Acad Sci (Earth
Planet Sci) 103:329–340
Chakraborty S, Dutta K, Bhattacharyya A, Nigam M, Schuur EAG,
Shah S (2008) Atmospheric
14
C variability recorded in tree rings
from Peninsular India: implications for fossil fuel CO 2 emission and
atmospheric transport. Radiocarbon 50(3):321–330
Chakraborty S, Metya A, Datye A, Deb Burman PK, Sarma D,
Gogoi N, Bora A (2020) Eddy covariance and CRDS based
techniques of GHGs measurements provide additional constraint in
partitioning the net ecosystem exchange. EGU General Assembly
2020 Abstract volume; https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020901
Chanda A, Akhand A, Manna S, Dutta S, Hazra S et al (2013)
Characterizing spatial and seasonal variability of carbon dioxide and
water vapour fluxes above a tropical mixed mangrove forest
canopy, India. J Earth Sys Sci 122:503–513
Chanda A, Akhand A, Manna S et al (2014) Measuring daytime CO 2
fluxes from the inter-tidal mangrove soils of Indian Sundarbans.
Environ Earth Sci 72:417–427
Chandra N, Hayashida S, Saeki T, Patra PK (2017) What controls the
seasonal cycle of columnar methane observed by GOSAT over
different regions in India? Atmos Chem Phys 17:12633–12643.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12633-2017
Chandra N, Venkataramani S, Lal S, Patra PK, Ramonete M, Lin X,
Sharma SK (2019) Observational evidence of high methane
emissions over a city in western India. Atmos Environ 202:41–52
Chatterjee A, Roy A, Chakraborty S, Sarkar C, Singh S, Karipot AK,
Ghosh SK, Mitra A, Raha S (2018) Biosphere atmosphere exchange
of CO 2 , H 2 O vapour and energy during spring over a high altitude
Himalayan forest in eastern India. Aerosol Air Qual Res. https://doi.
org/10.4209/aaqr.2017.12.0605
Chhabra A, Dadhwal VK (2004) Estimating terrestrial net primary
productivity over India using satellite data. Curr Sci 86:269–271
Chen C, Park T, Wang X, Piao S, Xu B, Chaturvedi RK, Fuchs R,
Brovkin V, Ciais P, Fensholt R, Tømmervik H, Bala G, Zhu Z,
Nemani RR, Myneni RB (2019) China and India lead in greening of
the world through land-use management. Nat Sustain 2:122–129
Ciais P, et al (2014) Carbon and other biogeochemical cycles. Climate
change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working
Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, pp 465–570
Dadhwal VK (2012) Assessment of Indian carbon cycle components
using earth observation systems and ground inventory. ISPRS Int
Arch Photogram Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci XXXIX-B8:249–254
Datta A, Adhya TK (2014) Effects of organic nitrification inhibitors on
methane and nitrous oxide emission from tropical rice paddy.
Atmos Environ 92:533–545
Davidson EA, Kanter D (2014) Inventories and scenarios of nitrous
oxide emissions. Environ Res Lett 9:105012. https://doi.org/10.
1088/1748-9326/9/10/105012
Deb Burman PK, Sarma D, Williams M, Karipot A, Chakraborty S
(2017) Estimating gross primary productivity of a tropical forest
ecosystem over north-east India using LAI and meteorological
variables. J Earth Syst Sci 126:99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040017-0874-3
Deb Burman PK, Sarma D, Morrison R, Karipot A, Chakraborty S
(2019) Seasonal variation of evapotranspiration and its effect on the
surface energy budget closure at a tropical forest over north-east
India. J Earth Syst Sci 128:127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040019-1158-x
Deb Burman PK, Shurpali NJ, Chowdhuri S, Karipot A, Chakraborty S,
Lind SE, Martikainen PJ, Arola A, Tiwari YK, Murugavel P,
4 Observations and Modeling of GHG Concentrations and Fluxes …
89