382
M. Imperadori et al.
conditions during the building lifetime. To do so, there must be a performance criterium, or criteria, to rate the efficiency of the processes carried out by the system
and to trigger an intervention when the goals set are not met.
As the closest element to the exterior, the building envelope is the most influential
building system for providing well-being indoors, and in particular the transparent
portion (defined as the quickest path for heat, light, sound, and pollution transfer).
Additional shading devices have been employed to increase the dynamism and performance of the envelope, boosting the façade composition. The adequacy of the
design, functional model, and control logic would depend on the type of activity
held indoors, but most importantly the type of occupants hosted.
Not all occupants perceived similarly and prefer, require, or demand the same
indoor environmental conditions. Thus, depending on what the designers’ choice is:
• The building could perform badly if a manual control has been envisaged without
any correction or adaption (Masoso and Grobler 2010).
• An autonomous building could not provide enough satisfaction, if the performance
criteria are not adjusted to the occupants’ requirements, and they would feel underrated if no sense of control is given (Belafi et al. 2017; Langevin et al. 2015).
• An adaptive building could operate decently in a mixed-mode, allowing occupants’
interaction and overriding the initially set activation thresholds (Gunay et al. 2014).
The type of operation affects the energy consumption of the building (i.e., environmental gains) and the frequency of activation, hence the fatigue on the materials,
and the maintenance activities. Further replacement, or maintenance, interventions
would enlarge the embodied energy of the system threatening its circular economy.
2 Shading Requirement
Taking into consideration only the lighting requirement for reading and writing activities, sufficient illuminance shall be provided under daylighting (when available) and
artificial lighting. Starting from the minimum threshold established of 300 lx and a
maximum of 1000 lx (following sDA and ASE lower and upper limits established by
LEED v4 (2014)) to avoid the risk of glare and modifying it according to the needs
of the occupant (i.e., aged eye, protected eye, and younger eye); see Table 1.
Shading requirement has been set as the need for a lower/higher glass transmittance of the transparent portion of the building façade to regulate the daylight influx,
and this would only be used when the values obtained indoors do not comply with the
settings set. However, these settings were diversified to encompass a more realistic
preference of different building users, and also to cover what the design regulations
do not clarify: maximum illuminance values (i.e., there are only lower thresholds).
An office space (2.95 × 5.10 × 3.17 m) in Milan, Italy (45° 28
47
N; 9° 13
47
E),
with 30% window-to-wall ratio (WWR) oriented toward South, was used as a case
study, in which the illuminance was computed at an analysis grid at 0.8 m from the
M. Imperadori et al.
conditions during the building lifetime. To do so, there must be a performance criterium, or criteria, to rate the efficiency of the processes carried out by the system
and to trigger an intervention when the goals set are not met.
As the closest element to the exterior, the building envelope is the most influential
building system for providing well-being indoors, and in particular the transparent
portion (defined as the quickest path for heat, light, sound, and pollution transfer).
Additional shading devices have been employed to increase the dynamism and performance of the envelope, boosting the façade composition. The adequacy of the
design, functional model, and control logic would depend on the type of activity
held indoors, but most importantly the type of occupants hosted.
Not all occupants perceived similarly and prefer, require, or demand the same
indoor environmental conditions. Thus, depending on what the designers’ choice is:
• The building could perform badly if a manual control has been envisaged without
any correction or adaption (Masoso and Grobler 2010).
• An autonomous building could not provide enough satisfaction, if the performance
criteria are not adjusted to the occupants’ requirements, and they would feel underrated if no sense of control is given (Belafi et al. 2017; Langevin et al. 2015).
• An adaptive building could operate decently in a mixed-mode, allowing occupants’
interaction and overriding the initially set activation thresholds (Gunay et al. 2014).
The type of operation affects the energy consumption of the building (i.e., environmental gains) and the frequency of activation, hence the fatigue on the materials,
and the maintenance activities. Further replacement, or maintenance, interventions
would enlarge the embodied energy of the system threatening its circular economy.
2 Shading Requirement
Taking into consideration only the lighting requirement for reading and writing activities, sufficient illuminance shall be provided under daylighting (when available) and
artificial lighting. Starting from the minimum threshold established of 300 lx and a
maximum of 1000 lx (following sDA and ASE lower and upper limits established by
LEED v4 (2014)) to avoid the risk of glare and modifying it according to the needs
of the occupant (i.e., aged eye, protected eye, and younger eye); see Table 1.
Shading requirement has been set as the need for a lower/higher glass transmittance of the transparent portion of the building façade to regulate the daylight influx,
and this would only be used when the values obtained indoors do not comply with the
settings set. However, these settings were diversified to encompass a more realistic
preference of different building users, and also to cover what the design regulations
do not clarify: maximum illuminance values (i.e., there are only lower thresholds).
An office space (2.95 × 5.10 × 3.17 m) in Milan, Italy (45° 28
47
N; 9° 13
47
E),
with 30% window-to-wall ratio (WWR) oriented toward South, was used as a case
study, in which the illuminance was computed at an analysis grid at 0.8 m from the