103
5.2.2 Development of Multifunctionality Framework
The previous section explained the evolvement of the multifunctionality concept
from a framework to evaluate agricultural activities to an all-inclusive concept for
rural development. Reflecting the shifts in paradigms over time-from productivist to
post-productivist, and to sustainable development-the quality of rural systems illustrates particular transitions, and such transitions represent different qualities of multifunctionality. Based on this idea, Wilson proposes using economic, environmental,
and social capitals as a set of descriptive dimensions for depicting diverse qualities
of a rural system (Wilson 2008, 2010, 2012). He argues that when the balance of the
three capitals is well maintained (well-balanced state in Fig. 5.1), a rural system
becomes more stable and achieves self-sustaining capacity. In fact, many rural communities emerged as subsistence farming communities, in which three types of
capital were well developed and balanced, and achieved self-managing capacity in
producing food, managing local resources, and facilitating minimum exchanges
with outside communities.
Illustrating the quality of target systems by sets of indicators has attracted a great
deal of research interest across disciplines (Bell and Morse 2008; Morse 2010;
OECD 2004; Rametsteiner et al. 2011; Stevens 2005). Wilson provides a solid discussion in studying multifunctionality of rural system with the application of these
three types of capital by referring to Bourdieu (1984) to substantiate applying the
capital notion (Wilson 2008, 2010). Bourdieu situated capital in three fundamental
frames: economic capital (material property), social capital (networks of social
Pathway of possibilities
Social changes
e.g. industrialization, globalization, demographic changes (aging, depopulation)
Strong
Weak
m
e
t
s
y
s
l
a
r
u
r
f
o
y
t
i
l
a
n
o
i
t
c
n
u
f
i
t
l
u
M
Time
2. Deagrarianized rural
systems
Past 1
P ast 2
P resent state
Economic
Social
Economic
Social
Marginalization
(case of Japan)
Environmental
Environmental
Fig. 5.1 Inter-temporal evolution of the rural system with the quality of multifunctionality.
(Source: modified based on Wilson 2008)
5 Framing in Placemaking When Envisioning a Sustainable Rural Community…
5.2.2 Development of Multifunctionality Framework
The previous section explained the evolvement of the multifunctionality concept
from a framework to evaluate agricultural activities to an all-inclusive concept for
rural development. Reflecting the shifts in paradigms over time-from productivist to
post-productivist, and to sustainable development-the quality of rural systems illustrates particular transitions, and such transitions represent different qualities of multifunctionality. Based on this idea, Wilson proposes using economic, environmental,
and social capitals as a set of descriptive dimensions for depicting diverse qualities
of a rural system (Wilson 2008, 2010, 2012). He argues that when the balance of the
three capitals is well maintained (well-balanced state in Fig. 5.1), a rural system
becomes more stable and achieves self-sustaining capacity. In fact, many rural communities emerged as subsistence farming communities, in which three types of
capital were well developed and balanced, and achieved self-managing capacity in
producing food, managing local resources, and facilitating minimum exchanges
with outside communities.
Illustrating the quality of target systems by sets of indicators has attracted a great
deal of research interest across disciplines (Bell and Morse 2008; Morse 2010;
OECD 2004; Rametsteiner et al. 2011; Stevens 2005). Wilson provides a solid discussion in studying multifunctionality of rural system with the application of these
three types of capital by referring to Bourdieu (1984) to substantiate applying the
capital notion (Wilson 2008, 2010). Bourdieu situated capital in three fundamental
frames: economic capital (material property), social capital (networks of social
Pathway of possibilities
Social changes
e.g. industrialization, globalization, demographic changes (aging, depopulation)
Strong
Weak
m
e
t
s
y
s
l
a
r
u
r
f
o
y
t
i
l
a
n
o
i
t
c
n
u
f
i
t
l
u
M
Time
2. Deagrarianized rural
systems
Past 1
P ast 2
P resent state
Economic
Social
Economic
Social
Marginalization
(case of Japan)
Environmental
Environmental
Fig. 5.1 Inter-temporal evolution of the rural system with the quality of multifunctionality.
(Source: modified based on Wilson 2008)
5 Framing in Placemaking When Envisioning a Sustainable Rural Community…