83
be made after carbon pricing (i.e., after determining the cost of CO 2 that would be
discharged by the development).
The setting of an appropriate CO 2 price is difficult to do immediately. However,
it is an important viewpoint with regard to realizing a low-carbon society.
Vision 2050 assumes that progress in low carbonization naturally progresses as
technology advances, but if there is a mechanism under which low carbonization
takes on value, the speed of change can be increased. Hybrid cars are a typical
example of products with value in terms of low carbonization. Despite the high
price of the car itself, the purchaser judges that it is more profitable in total, if fuel
costs are also taken into consideration.
With regard to the carbon tax (taxation on CO 2 emissions), it is better to tax at the
stage when resources are shipped, as far as possible. This is because it is easier to
set a tax rate according to the amount of CO 2 emissions, such as 3 times of the shipping cost for coal, 2 times for petroleum, or 1.2 times for gas. Alternatively, there is
a way to change the tax rate according to the contribution of each resource to
GDP. To date, 38 countries have introduced some type of carbon pricing and Japan
can learn from many case examples.
Bibliography
Inoue T, Yamada K (2017) Economic evaluation toward zero CO 2 emission power generation system after 2050 in Japan. Energy Procedia 142:2761–2766
Yamada K, Komiyama H (2002) Photovoltaic engineering. Nikkei BP, Tokyo
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate
credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and
indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter’s Creative
Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not
included in the chapter’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by
statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from
the copyright holder.
References
be made after carbon pricing (i.e., after determining the cost of CO 2 that would be
discharged by the development).
The setting of an appropriate CO 2 price is difficult to do immediately. However,
it is an important viewpoint with regard to realizing a low-carbon society.
Vision 2050 assumes that progress in low carbonization naturally progresses as
technology advances, but if there is a mechanism under which low carbonization
takes on value, the speed of change can be increased. Hybrid cars are a typical
example of products with value in terms of low carbonization. Despite the high
price of the car itself, the purchaser judges that it is more profitable in total, if fuel
costs are also taken into consideration.
With regard to the carbon tax (taxation on CO 2 emissions), it is better to tax at the
stage when resources are shipped, as far as possible. This is because it is easier to
set a tax rate according to the amount of CO 2 emissions, such as 3 times of the shipping cost for coal, 2 times for petroleum, or 1.2 times for gas. Alternatively, there is
a way to change the tax rate according to the contribution of each resource to
GDP. To date, 38 countries have introduced some type of carbon pricing and Japan
can learn from many case examples.
Bibliography
Inoue T, Yamada K (2017) Economic evaluation toward zero CO 2 emission power generation system after 2050 in Japan. Energy Procedia 142:2761–2766
Yamada K, Komiyama H (2002) Photovoltaic engineering. Nikkei BP, Tokyo
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate
credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and
indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter’s Creative
Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not
included in the chapter’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by
statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from
the copyright holder.
References