60
4.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
This chapter shows the potential of rice straw in producing bioenergy in the form of
biofuels, heat, steam, or power using thermal conversion technologies. Pyrolysis,
gasification, and combustion are at different stages of development. Combustion
systems for biomass are commercially available while gasification and pyrolysis are
still in the demonstration and research stages, respectively. These processes show
potential for large-scale application; however, problems associated with rice straw
collection, storage, and transportation makes small- or field-scale application a
more viable alternative. Further research and development is needed on gasification
in the areas of gas cleaning/upgrading, utilization of produced heat to increase overall efficiency and system integration/optimization.
Compared to pyrolysis or gasification, combustion systems are more technologically mature but proper air pollution control devices should be part of these installations to curtail release of harmful gases. Pyrolysis, on the other hand, has lesser
emissions due to its inert environment and the residual product—biochar—can be
used for carbon sequestration. However, more studies are needed for the feasibility
of pyrolysis of rice straw on a commercial scale. In general, the thermal conversion
technologies can recover energy from rice straw up to about 60% and the marketable non-energy by-products can potentially improve process economics.
References
Abrego J, Sanchez JL, Arauzo J, Fonts I, Gil-Lalaguna N, Atienza-Martinez M (2013) Technical
and energetic assessment of a three-stage thermochemical treatment for sewage sludge. Energy
Fuel 27:1026–1034
Agarwal M (2014) An investigation on the pyrolysis of municipal solid waste. Unpublished thesis.
RMIT
Ahmad M, Rajapaksha AU, Lim JE, Zhang M, Bolan N, Mohan D, Vithanage M, Lee SS, Ok
YS (2014) Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water: a review.
Chemosphere 99:19–33
Amarasinghe HAHI, Gunathilake SK, Karunarathna AK (2016) Ascertaining of optimum pyrolysis conditions in producing refuse tea biochar as a soil amendment. Procedia Food Sci 6:97–102
Amen-Chen C, Pakdel H, Roy C (1997) Separation of phenols from eucalyptus wood tar. Biomass
Bioenergy 13:25–37
Baloch HA, Yang T, Sun H, Li J, Nizamuddin S, Li R et al (2016) Parametric study of pyrolysis and
steam gasification of rice straw in presence of K 2 CO 3 . Korean J Chem Eng 33(9):2567–2574.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-016-0121-7
Biswas B, Pandey N, Bisht Y, Singh R, Kumar J, Bhaskar T (2017) Pyrolysis of agricultural biomass residues: comparative study of corn cob, wheat straw, rice straw, and rice husk. Bioresour
Technol 237:57–63
Boucher E, Guillemot A, Pasquiou V (2013) Feasibility study for the implementation of two ORC
power plants of 1 MWe each using rice straw as fuel in the context of a public-private partnership with the institutions PhilRice and UPLB. Enertime, Puteaux
Brandin J, Tunér M, Odenbrand I (2011) Small-scale gasification: gas engine CHP for biofuels.
Swedish Energy Agency report, Växjö/Lund. Linnaeus University and Lund University
M. C. Maguyon-Detras et al.
4.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
This chapter shows the potential of rice straw in producing bioenergy in the form of
biofuels, heat, steam, or power using thermal conversion technologies. Pyrolysis,
gasification, and combustion are at different stages of development. Combustion
systems for biomass are commercially available while gasification and pyrolysis are
still in the demonstration and research stages, respectively. These processes show
potential for large-scale application; however, problems associated with rice straw
collection, storage, and transportation makes small- or field-scale application a
more viable alternative. Further research and development is needed on gasification
in the areas of gas cleaning/upgrading, utilization of produced heat to increase overall efficiency and system integration/optimization.
Compared to pyrolysis or gasification, combustion systems are more technologically mature but proper air pollution control devices should be part of these installations to curtail release of harmful gases. Pyrolysis, on the other hand, has lesser
emissions due to its inert environment and the residual product—biochar—can be
used for carbon sequestration. However, more studies are needed for the feasibility
of pyrolysis of rice straw on a commercial scale. In general, the thermal conversion
technologies can recover energy from rice straw up to about 60% and the marketable non-energy by-products can potentially improve process economics.
References
Abrego J, Sanchez JL, Arauzo J, Fonts I, Gil-Lalaguna N, Atienza-Martinez M (2013) Technical
and energetic assessment of a three-stage thermochemical treatment for sewage sludge. Energy
Fuel 27:1026–1034
Agarwal M (2014) An investigation on the pyrolysis of municipal solid waste. Unpublished thesis.
RMIT
Ahmad M, Rajapaksha AU, Lim JE, Zhang M, Bolan N, Mohan D, Vithanage M, Lee SS, Ok
YS (2014) Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water: a review.
Chemosphere 99:19–33
Amarasinghe HAHI, Gunathilake SK, Karunarathna AK (2016) Ascertaining of optimum pyrolysis conditions in producing refuse tea biochar as a soil amendment. Procedia Food Sci 6:97–102
Amen-Chen C, Pakdel H, Roy C (1997) Separation of phenols from eucalyptus wood tar. Biomass
Bioenergy 13:25–37
Baloch HA, Yang T, Sun H, Li J, Nizamuddin S, Li R et al (2016) Parametric study of pyrolysis and
steam gasification of rice straw in presence of K 2 CO 3 . Korean J Chem Eng 33(9):2567–2574.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-016-0121-7
Biswas B, Pandey N, Bisht Y, Singh R, Kumar J, Bhaskar T (2017) Pyrolysis of agricultural biomass residues: comparative study of corn cob, wheat straw, rice straw, and rice husk. Bioresour
Technol 237:57–63
Boucher E, Guillemot A, Pasquiou V (2013) Feasibility study for the implementation of two ORC
power plants of 1 MWe each using rice straw as fuel in the context of a public-private partnership with the institutions PhilRice and UPLB. Enertime, Puteaux
Brandin J, Tunér M, Odenbrand I (2011) Small-scale gasification: gas engine CHP for biofuels.
Swedish Energy Agency report, Växjö/Lund. Linnaeus University and Lund University
M. C. Maguyon-Detras et al.