40
3.3 Conclusions and Recommendations
The best practices of composting described here can help optimize the quality and
nutrient efficiency of the mixture of rice straw and animal manure used to improve
soil and crop productivity.
The application of composting technology and the compost turner can contribute
to reducing labor costs in turning, creating alternative uses for rice straw, and
increasing farmers’ income by adding value to rice and other related uses, such as
mushroom production. In addition, increasing the value of the rice straw, especially
low-quality straw, leads farmers to avoid burning it in the field.
References
Aira M, Monroy F, Dominguez J, Mato S (2002) How earthworm density affects microbial biomass and activity in pig manure. Eur J Soil Biol 38:7–10
Ameen A, Ahmad J, Munir N, Raza S (2016) Physical and chemical analysis of compost to check
its maturity and stability. Eur J Pharm Med Res 3(5):84–87
Anderson JM (1987) Interactions between invertebrates and microorganisms: noise or necessity
for soil processes. In: Anderson JM, ADM R, DWH W (eds) Ecology of microbial bommunities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 125–145
Bertoldi MD, Vallini G, Pera A (1984) Technology aspect for composting including modeling and
microbiology. In: JKR G (ed) Composting of agricultural and other wastes. Elsevier Applied
Science Publisher, London, pp 27–40
Diaz LF, de Bertoldi M, Bidlingmaier W, Stentiford E (2007) Compost science and technology.
Waste management series, 8, Elsevier, Boston
Dominguez J, Edwards CA (2004) Vermicomposting organic wastes: a review. Soil zoology for
sustainable development in the 21st century, Cairo, pp 369–395
Edwards WM, Shipitalo MJ, Owens LB, Norton LD (1989) Water and nitrate movement in earthworm burrows within long-term no-till cornfields. J Soil Water Conserv 44(3):240–243
El-Haddad ME, Zayed MS, El-Sayed GAM, Hassanein MK, Abd El-Satar AM (2014) Evaluation
of compost, vermi-compost and their teas produced from rice straw as affected by addition of
different supplements. Ann Agric Sci 59(2):243–251
Turning drum
Trail linkage
Wheel
Gear box
Frame and housing
Universal joint
Fig. 3.3b Structure of the
compost turner designed
under the BMZ-IRRI
project (IRRI 2019)
N. T. Nghi et al.
3.3 Conclusions and Recommendations
The best practices of composting described here can help optimize the quality and
nutrient efficiency of the mixture of rice straw and animal manure used to improve
soil and crop productivity.
The application of composting technology and the compost turner can contribute
to reducing labor costs in turning, creating alternative uses for rice straw, and
increasing farmers’ income by adding value to rice and other related uses, such as
mushroom production. In addition, increasing the value of the rice straw, especially
low-quality straw, leads farmers to avoid burning it in the field.
References
Aira M, Monroy F, Dominguez J, Mato S (2002) How earthworm density affects microbial biomass and activity in pig manure. Eur J Soil Biol 38:7–10
Ameen A, Ahmad J, Munir N, Raza S (2016) Physical and chemical analysis of compost to check
its maturity and stability. Eur J Pharm Med Res 3(5):84–87
Anderson JM (1987) Interactions between invertebrates and microorganisms: noise or necessity
for soil processes. In: Anderson JM, ADM R, DWH W (eds) Ecology of microbial bommunities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 125–145
Bertoldi MD, Vallini G, Pera A (1984) Technology aspect for composting including modeling and
microbiology. In: JKR G (ed) Composting of agricultural and other wastes. Elsevier Applied
Science Publisher, London, pp 27–40
Diaz LF, de Bertoldi M, Bidlingmaier W, Stentiford E (2007) Compost science and technology.
Waste management series, 8, Elsevier, Boston
Dominguez J, Edwards CA (2004) Vermicomposting organic wastes: a review. Soil zoology for
sustainable development in the 21st century, Cairo, pp 369–395
Edwards WM, Shipitalo MJ, Owens LB, Norton LD (1989) Water and nitrate movement in earthworm burrows within long-term no-till cornfields. J Soil Water Conserv 44(3):240–243
El-Haddad ME, Zayed MS, El-Sayed GAM, Hassanein MK, Abd El-Satar AM (2014) Evaluation
of compost, vermi-compost and their teas produced from rice straw as affected by addition of
different supplements. Ann Agric Sci 59(2):243–251
Turning drum
Trail linkage
Wheel
Gear box
Frame and housing
Universal joint
Fig. 3.3b Structure of the
compost turner designed
under the BMZ-IRRI
project (IRRI 2019)
N. T. Nghi et al.