31
efficient. Further research has to be conducted to understand field efficiency vis-àvis field capacity so that (1) the use of baler machines is optimized, (2) the sustainability of custom servicing business models is assured; and (3) machine owners are
adequately informed on the viability of their investments.
Rice straw densification—through compacting, briquetting, or pelletizing—
results in better handling and storage of the byproduct, which, in turn, reduces transportation costs and makes efficient use of storage facilities. The technologies now
available, such as briquette presses and pelletizers, also provide options for other
uses of rice straw, such as animal feed, fuel, and feedstock for energy generation.
The processing of loose straw into pellets can further save transportation costs
and improve logistical processes as experienced in Vietnam. Research is still
required to improve the quality of densified straw, either for animal feed or fuel.
Researchers should look into locally available binding materials that are cheap and
of high quality to improve pellet and briquette properties in terms of strength, durability, density, nutrition (for animal feed), and calorific value (for fuel).
References
Adapa P, Tabil L, Schoenau G (2011) A comprehensive analysis of the factors affecting densification of barley, canola, oat and wheat straw grinds. Written for presentation at the CSBE/
SCGAB 2011 Annual Conference Inn at the Forks, Winnipeg, Manitoba. 10–13 July 2011
Delivand MK, Barz M, Gheewala SH (2011) Logistics cost analysis of rice straw for biomass power
generation in Thailand. Energy 36:1435–1441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.01.026
Demirbas K, Sahin-Demirbas A (2009) Compacting of biomass for energy densification.
Energ Source Part A: Recov Utilization Environ Effects 31(12):1063–1068. https://doi.
org/10.1080/15567030801909763
Emami S, Tabil GL, Adapa P, George E, Tilay A, Dalai A, Drisdelle M, Ketabi L (2014) Effect of
fuel additives on agricultural straw pellet quality. Int J Agric Biol Eng 2:92–100
Gummert M, Quilty J, Hung NV, Vial L (2019) Engineering and management of rice harvesting.
In: Pan Z, Khir R (eds) Advances in science and engineering of Rice. DEStech Publications,
Inc., Lancaster, pp 67–102
Hegazy R, Sandro J (2016) Report: rice straw collection. Available at https://www.researchgate.
net/publication/301770258
Kaliyan N, Morey RV (2009) Factors affecting strength and durability of densified biomass products. J Biomass Bioenerg 33:337–359
Kargbo FR, Xing J, Zhang Y (2009) Pretreatment for energy use of rice straw: a review. Afr J Agric
Res 4(13):1560–1565
McLaughlin O, Mawhood B, Jamieson C, Slade R (2016) Rice straw for bioenergy: The effectiveness of policymaking and implementation in Asia. https://www.researchgate.net/
publication/305882098
Munder S (2013) Improving thermal conversion properties of rice straw by briquetting. Masters
thesis, Nachwachsende Rohstoffe und Bioenergie. Unbiversitat Hohenheim, Institute Fur
Agrartechnik
Nguyen-Van-Hieu, Nguyen-Thanh-Nghi, Le-Quang-Vinh, Le-Minh-Anh, Nguyen-Van-Hung,
Gummert M (2018) Developing densified products to reduce transportation costs and improve
the quality of rice straw feedstocks for cattle feeding. J Vietnamese Environ 10(1):11–15
2 Mechanized Collection and Densification of Rice Straw
efficient. Further research has to be conducted to understand field efficiency vis-àvis field capacity so that (1) the use of baler machines is optimized, (2) the sustainability of custom servicing business models is assured; and (3) machine owners are
adequately informed on the viability of their investments.
Rice straw densification—through compacting, briquetting, or pelletizing—
results in better handling and storage of the byproduct, which, in turn, reduces transportation costs and makes efficient use of storage facilities. The technologies now
available, such as briquette presses and pelletizers, also provide options for other
uses of rice straw, such as animal feed, fuel, and feedstock for energy generation.
The processing of loose straw into pellets can further save transportation costs
and improve logistical processes as experienced in Vietnam. Research is still
required to improve the quality of densified straw, either for animal feed or fuel.
Researchers should look into locally available binding materials that are cheap and
of high quality to improve pellet and briquette properties in terms of strength, durability, density, nutrition (for animal feed), and calorific value (for fuel).
References
Adapa P, Tabil L, Schoenau G (2011) A comprehensive analysis of the factors affecting densification of barley, canola, oat and wheat straw grinds. Written for presentation at the CSBE/
SCGAB 2011 Annual Conference Inn at the Forks, Winnipeg, Manitoba. 10–13 July 2011
Delivand MK, Barz M, Gheewala SH (2011) Logistics cost analysis of rice straw for biomass power
generation in Thailand. Energy 36:1435–1441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.01.026
Demirbas K, Sahin-Demirbas A (2009) Compacting of biomass for energy densification.
Energ Source Part A: Recov Utilization Environ Effects 31(12):1063–1068. https://doi.
org/10.1080/15567030801909763
Emami S, Tabil GL, Adapa P, George E, Tilay A, Dalai A, Drisdelle M, Ketabi L (2014) Effect of
fuel additives on agricultural straw pellet quality. Int J Agric Biol Eng 2:92–100
Gummert M, Quilty J, Hung NV, Vial L (2019) Engineering and management of rice harvesting.
In: Pan Z, Khir R (eds) Advances in science and engineering of Rice. DEStech Publications,
Inc., Lancaster, pp 67–102
Hegazy R, Sandro J (2016) Report: rice straw collection. Available at https://www.researchgate.
net/publication/301770258
Kaliyan N, Morey RV (2009) Factors affecting strength and durability of densified biomass products. J Biomass Bioenerg 33:337–359
Kargbo FR, Xing J, Zhang Y (2009) Pretreatment for energy use of rice straw: a review. Afr J Agric
Res 4(13):1560–1565
McLaughlin O, Mawhood B, Jamieson C, Slade R (2016) Rice straw for bioenergy: The effectiveness of policymaking and implementation in Asia. https://www.researchgate.net/
publication/305882098
Munder S (2013) Improving thermal conversion properties of rice straw by briquetting. Masters
thesis, Nachwachsende Rohstoffe und Bioenergie. Unbiversitat Hohenheim, Institute Fur
Agrartechnik
Nguyen-Van-Hieu, Nguyen-Thanh-Nghi, Le-Quang-Vinh, Le-Minh-Anh, Nguyen-Van-Hung,
Gummert M (2018) Developing densified products to reduce transportation costs and improve
the quality of rice straw feedstocks for cattle feeding. J Vietnamese Environ 10(1):11–15
2 Mechanized Collection and Densification of Rice Straw