172
experiments should be gathered and more utilization options of rice straw, such as
for production of bio-char, compost, cattle fodder, bio-board, or bio-plastic, should
be included in the LCA for a more comprehensive picture of the environmental
footprint of different straw management alternatives.
10.5 Summary and Suggestions for Further Applications
LCA is used globally, in such programs as the Sustainability Consortium, ISO,
UNEP, and others. In rice science, LCA should be used comprehensively to identify
best practices of sustainable rice production, postharvest management, and ricestraw management. Energy balances, GHGE balances, and ecological and environmental impacts can be analyzed by using LCA and SIMAPRO. Internationally
certified and reliable data for calculating energy and impacts are available in Agrifootprint, GHG protocol, Ecoinvent, etc., all incorporated in SIMAPRO.
References
Agri-footprint (2015) Agri-footprint 2.0 Part 1: Methodology and basic principles. Manual.
Retrieved September 17, 2018 from www.agri-footprint.com
Bowers W (1992) Agricultural field equipment. In: Fluck RC (ed) Energy in farm production, vol
6. Energ World Agric, New York, pp 117–129
Brodt S, Kendall A, Mohammadi Y, Arslan A, Yuan J, Lee IS, Linquist B (2014) Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in California rice production. Field Crops Res 169:89–98
Budavari Z, Szalay Z, Emi NB, Malmqvist T, Kth BP, Armines IZ, Circe GK, Sintef CW, Cai X,
Calcon HS, Tritthart W (2011) Indicators and weighting systems, including normalisation of
environmental profiles. Retrieved January 25, 2019 from https://www.sintef.no/globalassets/
project/lore-lca/deliverables/lore-lca-wp5-d5.1-emi_final.pdf
Carrijo DR, Lundy ME, Linquist BA (2017) Rice yields and water use under alternate wetting and
drying irrigation: a meta-analysis. Field Crops Res 203:173–180
Consultants Pr (2013) SimaPro LCA Software pre product ecology consultants. Amersfoot,
Netherlands
Dalgaard T, Halberg N, Porter JR (2001) A model for fossil energy use in Danish agriculture used
to compare organic and conventional farming. Agric Ecosyst Environ 87:51–65
De-Schryver AM, Brakkee KW, Goedkoop MJ, Huijbregts MAJ (2009) Characterization factors
for global warming in life cycle assessment based on damages to humans and ecosystems.
Environ Sci Technol 43(6):1689–1695
Ecoinvent (2017) Implementation of Ecoinvent 3. Retrieved January 25, 2019 from: http://www.
ecoinvent.org/partners/resellers/implementation-of-ecoinvent-3/implementation-of-ecoinvent-3.html
European Commission Joint Research Centre (2009) International Reference Life Cycle Data
System (ILCD) Handbook: specific guidance document for gener-ic or average Life Cycle
Inventory (LCI) data sets. Draft for public consultation 01 June 2009. jrc.ec.europa.eu
Fusi A, Bacenetti J, González GS, Vercesi A, Bocchi S, Fiala M (2014) Environmental profile of
paddy rice cultivation with different straw management. Sci Total Environ 494–495:119–128
N. V. Hung et al.
experiments should be gathered and more utilization options of rice straw, such as
for production of bio-char, compost, cattle fodder, bio-board, or bio-plastic, should
be included in the LCA for a more comprehensive picture of the environmental
footprint of different straw management alternatives.
10.5 Summary and Suggestions for Further Applications
LCA is used globally, in such programs as the Sustainability Consortium, ISO,
UNEP, and others. In rice science, LCA should be used comprehensively to identify
best practices of sustainable rice production, postharvest management, and ricestraw management. Energy balances, GHGE balances, and ecological and environmental impacts can be analyzed by using LCA and SIMAPRO. Internationally
certified and reliable data for calculating energy and impacts are available in Agrifootprint, GHG protocol, Ecoinvent, etc., all incorporated in SIMAPRO.
References
Agri-footprint (2015) Agri-footprint 2.0 Part 1: Methodology and basic principles. Manual.
Retrieved September 17, 2018 from www.agri-footprint.com
Bowers W (1992) Agricultural field equipment. In: Fluck RC (ed) Energy in farm production, vol
6. Energ World Agric, New York, pp 117–129
Brodt S, Kendall A, Mohammadi Y, Arslan A, Yuan J, Lee IS, Linquist B (2014) Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in California rice production. Field Crops Res 169:89–98
Budavari Z, Szalay Z, Emi NB, Malmqvist T, Kth BP, Armines IZ, Circe GK, Sintef CW, Cai X,
Calcon HS, Tritthart W (2011) Indicators and weighting systems, including normalisation of
environmental profiles. Retrieved January 25, 2019 from https://www.sintef.no/globalassets/
project/lore-lca/deliverables/lore-lca-wp5-d5.1-emi_final.pdf
Carrijo DR, Lundy ME, Linquist BA (2017) Rice yields and water use under alternate wetting and
drying irrigation: a meta-analysis. Field Crops Res 203:173–180
Consultants Pr (2013) SimaPro LCA Software pre product ecology consultants. Amersfoot,
Netherlands
Dalgaard T, Halberg N, Porter JR (2001) A model for fossil energy use in Danish agriculture used
to compare organic and conventional farming. Agric Ecosyst Environ 87:51–65
De-Schryver AM, Brakkee KW, Goedkoop MJ, Huijbregts MAJ (2009) Characterization factors
for global warming in life cycle assessment based on damages to humans and ecosystems.
Environ Sci Technol 43(6):1689–1695
Ecoinvent (2017) Implementation of Ecoinvent 3. Retrieved January 25, 2019 from: http://www.
ecoinvent.org/partners/resellers/implementation-of-ecoinvent-3/implementation-of-ecoinvent-3.html
European Commission Joint Research Centre (2009) International Reference Life Cycle Data
System (ILCD) Handbook: specific guidance document for gener-ic or average Life Cycle
Inventory (LCI) data sets. Draft for public consultation 01 June 2009. jrc.ec.europa.eu
Fusi A, Bacenetti J, González GS, Vercesi A, Bocchi S, Fiala M (2014) Environmental profile of
paddy rice cultivation with different straw management. Sci Total Environ 494–495:119–128
N. V. Hung et al.