is achieved, amongst others, through an IO of development of adaptive capacity and
utilization of adaptive measures introduced by the programmes.
As a means to achieve such IO, training and transfer of techniques and practices
for reducing the stakeholders’ vulnerability seemed to have ensured a high level of
effectiveness of CCA programmes. Eight out of the nine programmes reported such
activities and thus were evaluated positively for their effectiveness. For example, in
Egypt, adaptive capacity was further enhanced within the Ministry of Agriculture
and Land Reclamation in order for government staff to be able to forecast future
scenarios in water and agriculture sectors. In Zimbabwe, a more accurate system of
weather forecasts was introduced and capacity to manage the system was developed, thereby enabling high quality crop planting advice given to farmers. In
Tanzania, the establishment of an environmental information system and a national
environmental web portal were considered to be highly relevant adaptive measures
that were introduced by the programme. The Namibia programme introduced such
adaptive measures as dryland crop farming, conservation agriculture and improved
seeds, and a drip irrigation system, all of which are reported to have played an
important role in achieving a high level of effectiveness. A corresponding theory of
change can thus be hypothesized as follows: “introduced adaptive measures and
developed adaptive capacity facilitate these skills, techniques and knowledge to be
kept applied and used.”
Realizing a wide range and level of mainstreaming is considered to be another
IO in making a programme more effective. For example, in Turkey, a national
climate change adaptation strategy and action plan was drafted and henceforth
expected to be approved by a high level climate change coordination board. In
Armenia, the introduced adaptive measures by the programme were successfully
incorporated into an existing infrastructure that manages mountain forest ecosystems, including policy, legislation, institutions, procedures and mechanisms. In
order to achieve such IO, provision of relevant technical, policy and advisory
support to relevant stakeholders, from government staff to rural farmers have
been reported to be effective. The corresponding programme theory here can be
that provision of technical, policy and advisory support facilitates integration with
“business-as-usual” infrastructures.
Another important IO that can lead to high effectiveness is a high level of
awareness amongst the general public. Development and dissemination through
documentary films, social network groups, large scale public events, TV and
newspapers were seen in Egypt, Zimbabwe, the Philippines, Tanzania and Armenia. All these activities were reported to have contributed to realizing a high level of
effectiveness by increasing awareness amongst the general public. One can thus
infer that, in order to ensure a high level of effectiveness of a CCA programme, it is
important to utilize various media, including face-to-face events, for wider publicity. A hypothesized programme theory here is that these events can attract attention
and boost interest toward CCA amongst citizens.
13 What Do Evaluations Tell Us About Climate Change Adaptation? Meta-analysis. . .
243
utilization of adaptive measures introduced by the programmes.
As a means to achieve such IO, training and transfer of techniques and practices
for reducing the stakeholders’ vulnerability seemed to have ensured a high level of
effectiveness of CCA programmes. Eight out of the nine programmes reported such
activities and thus were evaluated positively for their effectiveness. For example, in
Egypt, adaptive capacity was further enhanced within the Ministry of Agriculture
and Land Reclamation in order for government staff to be able to forecast future
scenarios in water and agriculture sectors. In Zimbabwe, a more accurate system of
weather forecasts was introduced and capacity to manage the system was developed, thereby enabling high quality crop planting advice given to farmers. In
Tanzania, the establishment of an environmental information system and a national
environmental web portal were considered to be highly relevant adaptive measures
that were introduced by the programme. The Namibia programme introduced such
adaptive measures as dryland crop farming, conservation agriculture and improved
seeds, and a drip irrigation system, all of which are reported to have played an
important role in achieving a high level of effectiveness. A corresponding theory of
change can thus be hypothesized as follows: “introduced adaptive measures and
developed adaptive capacity facilitate these skills, techniques and knowledge to be
kept applied and used.”
Realizing a wide range and level of mainstreaming is considered to be another
IO in making a programme more effective. For example, in Turkey, a national
climate change adaptation strategy and action plan was drafted and henceforth
expected to be approved by a high level climate change coordination board. In
Armenia, the introduced adaptive measures by the programme were successfully
incorporated into an existing infrastructure that manages mountain forest ecosystems, including policy, legislation, institutions, procedures and mechanisms. In
order to achieve such IO, provision of relevant technical, policy and advisory
support to relevant stakeholders, from government staff to rural farmers have
been reported to be effective. The corresponding programme theory here can be
that provision of technical, policy and advisory support facilitates integration with
“business-as-usual” infrastructures.
Another important IO that can lead to high effectiveness is a high level of
awareness amongst the general public. Development and dissemination through
documentary films, social network groups, large scale public events, TV and
newspapers were seen in Egypt, Zimbabwe, the Philippines, Tanzania and Armenia. All these activities were reported to have contributed to realizing a high level of
effectiveness by increasing awareness amongst the general public. One can thus
infer that, in order to ensure a high level of effectiveness of a CCA programme, it is
important to utilize various media, including face-to-face events, for wider publicity. A hypothesized programme theory here is that these events can attract attention
and boost interest toward CCA amongst citizens.
13 What Do Evaluations Tell Us About Climate Change Adaptation? Meta-analysis. . .
243