27
in Okinawa Prefecture because of the extraordinary high temperature and the less
typhoon visits, which led to the less water mixing. According to the official monitoring results by the Ministry of Environment, mass breaching was observed at 82–90%
of the total area of the Sekisei Lagoon (Ministry of Environment 2018). If the climate
change continues, the area of the coral reefs will be shrunken, and which leads to the
decrease in the size of coral fish habitat Nanami et al. 2013), which then leads to the
decrease in the spawning stock biomass of important fisheries resources (Nanami
et al. 2015). Also, the higher water temperature leads to the changes in the spawning
cycle, which presumably gives negative impact for spawning schooling (Ohta and
Ebisawa 2017). These will give negative impacts to the fisheries and tourism sector.
On the other hand, the higher water temperature positively effects to the seagrass bed
at the coastal areas, which then positively effects to the fish biomass as the habitat for
some species. Also, intertidal area will be shrunken by the sea level rise, which will
again give negative effects to the traditional uses by the local people, as well as the
environmental education, research and conservation activities. The cumulative
effects to the total well-being and inclusive wealth (Ikeda and Managi 2018) are to
be analyzed, but the SES Schematic is again a useful tool to share the knowledge
with wide-ranging stakeholders, discuss about the vulnerable part of the SES, and
codesign the possible future scenarios (Saito et al. 2018) or the adaptation plans.
Finally, after the development of the Sekisei Lagoon Social-Ecological Systems
Schematic, the coauthor found that this type of co-research activity participated
widely from both the natural and social sciences was a good opportunity for
researchers to build a common sense at the larger conceptual level, and to create the
knowledge base for working closely. Natural scientists can understand the links
between their disciplinary study topics and the real society or the legal basis.
Similarly, as discussed earlier, social scientists realized how the different stakeholders are interlinked at the ecosystem level. The coauthor also believe the developing
process of the SES schematic will be utilized as the education program for students
or the early career researchers who would like to conduct the interdisciplinary
researches in the future.
Acknowledgments This study was funded by the Environment Research and Technology
Development Fund (Strategic R&D Category) of Ministry of the Environment, Japan, “Predicting
and Assessing Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services (PANCES)”.
References
Armitage D, Charles A, Berkes F (eds) (2017) Governing the coastal commons: communities,
resilience and transformation. Routledge, Oxford
Ban NC, Mills M, Tam J, Hicks CC, Klain S, Stoeckl N, Bottrill MC, Levine J, Pressey RL,
Satterfield T, Chan KM (2013) A social-ecological approach to conservation planning: embedding social considerations. Front Ecol Environ 11(4):194–202
Berkes F, Armitage D, Ibarra MA, Charles T, Loucks L, Graham J, Seixas C, Makino M, Satria A,
Abraham J (2014) Guidelines for analysis of social-ecological systems. http://www.communityconservation.net/ses-guidelines/. Accessed 18 Sept 2018
2 Mapping the Policy Interventions on Marine Social-Ecological Systems: Case Study…
in Okinawa Prefecture because of the extraordinary high temperature and the less
typhoon visits, which led to the less water mixing. According to the official monitoring results by the Ministry of Environment, mass breaching was observed at 82–90%
of the total area of the Sekisei Lagoon (Ministry of Environment 2018). If the climate
change continues, the area of the coral reefs will be shrunken, and which leads to the
decrease in the size of coral fish habitat Nanami et al. 2013), which then leads to the
decrease in the spawning stock biomass of important fisheries resources (Nanami
et al. 2015). Also, the higher water temperature leads to the changes in the spawning
cycle, which presumably gives negative impact for spawning schooling (Ohta and
Ebisawa 2017). These will give negative impacts to the fisheries and tourism sector.
On the other hand, the higher water temperature positively effects to the seagrass bed
at the coastal areas, which then positively effects to the fish biomass as the habitat for
some species. Also, intertidal area will be shrunken by the sea level rise, which will
again give negative effects to the traditional uses by the local people, as well as the
environmental education, research and conservation activities. The cumulative
effects to the total well-being and inclusive wealth (Ikeda and Managi 2018) are to
be analyzed, but the SES Schematic is again a useful tool to share the knowledge
with wide-ranging stakeholders, discuss about the vulnerable part of the SES, and
codesign the possible future scenarios (Saito et al. 2018) or the adaptation plans.
Finally, after the development of the Sekisei Lagoon Social-Ecological Systems
Schematic, the coauthor found that this type of co-research activity participated
widely from both the natural and social sciences was a good opportunity for
researchers to build a common sense at the larger conceptual level, and to create the
knowledge base for working closely. Natural scientists can understand the links
between their disciplinary study topics and the real society or the legal basis.
Similarly, as discussed earlier, social scientists realized how the different stakeholders are interlinked at the ecosystem level. The coauthor also believe the developing
process of the SES schematic will be utilized as the education program for students
or the early career researchers who would like to conduct the interdisciplinary
researches in the future.
Acknowledgments This study was funded by the Environment Research and Technology
Development Fund (Strategic R&D Category) of Ministry of the Environment, Japan, “Predicting
and Assessing Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services (PANCES)”.
References
Armitage D, Charles A, Berkes F (eds) (2017) Governing the coastal commons: communities,
resilience and transformation. Routledge, Oxford
Ban NC, Mills M, Tam J, Hicks CC, Klain S, Stoeckl N, Bottrill MC, Levine J, Pressey RL,
Satterfield T, Chan KM (2013) A social-ecological approach to conservation planning: embedding social considerations. Front Ecol Environ 11(4):194–202
Berkes F, Armitage D, Ibarra MA, Charles T, Loucks L, Graham J, Seixas C, Makino M, Satria A,
Abraham J (2014) Guidelines for analysis of social-ecological systems. http://www.communityconservation.net/ses-guidelines/. Accessed 18 Sept 2018
2 Mapping the Policy Interventions on Marine Social-Ecological Systems: Case Study…