18
Fig. 2.3 Coverage of ecosystem structure, functions, and uses by policy measures under the charge of the Ministry of Environment (MoE)
s
r
e
d
l
o
h
e
k
a
t
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Marine conservation,
education, cultural
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energy/resources
developers (oil, gas,
windmill, rare
materials, etc.)
Builders and
construction
companies (port,
coastline, etc.) and
shipping companies
Marine securityrelated agencies
(coast guard,
self-defense
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etc.)
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marine areas via
water discharges
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s
e
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Industrial
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Feedin
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Place for
human
acƟviƟes
Marine
energy/Res
ources
Phytoplankt
on
Zooplankton
Small
crustacea/shells
Energy/resource
development
Island (raised
coral reef) and
Mangrove
QuieƟng
effect
Place for
living
Industrial development
(Ocean energy, seabed
exploration, etc.)
Seascape
Plant
/animal
nursery
ground
Water
movement
Lights
Coastal
area
Land
Offshore
Habitat for
endangered
species (manta,
sea turtle, etc.)
Place for
animal and
plants
growth
Zooxan
thella
Land/property
development
Water
discharge
Soil
discharge
Inter-Ɵdal
Habitat for
fish species
Crown-ofthorns starfish
Water
clarity
Seagrass
Seagrass
bed
FloaƟng
seaweed
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algae
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Corals
Sea
surface
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discharge d
Industrial
uses
Daily/traditional uses
by the local people
Zooxan
thella
Seagrass
A
Reef-building
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park, waste management,
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Monitoring activities, etc.
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Spawning
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Feedin
g area
Place for
living
Place for
human
acƟviƟes
Place for
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plants
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Water
quality
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Seascape
Plant
/animal
nursery
grou g nd
Sanctuary area, beach clean-up
activities, marine waste
management
Nutr r rient
Nut
er
Extermin
ation
Water
clarity y
Seagrass
bed
Habitat for
endangered
species (manta,
sea turtle, etc.)
Habitat for
fish species
Sea
surface
Waste
manage
ment
Water quality and
waste management
Industrial development
(Ocean energy, seabed
exploration, etc.)
Nature
protection
Monitoring activities
Tourism/leisure
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Transport
Education research,
conservation activities
Q
Soil
discharge
Natural parks
Coastal
area
Land
Crown n n- -ofRe
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restoraƟon, Water quality, etc.
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movement
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erode
prevention
Marine conservation,
education, cultural
activities, tourism, etc.
(Marine Cultural Service
users)
Builders and
construction
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coastline, etc.) and
shipping companies
ConstrucƟon
Companies
Fishers, fish
processors, fish
retailers, etc.
ConservaƟon,
Tourism,
Research
M. Makino et al.
Fig. 2.3 Coverage of ecosystem structure, functions, and uses by policy measures under the charge of the Ministry of Environment (MoE)
s
r
e
d
l
o
h
e
k
a
t
S
Marine conservation,
education, cultural
activities, tourism, etc.
(Marine Cultural Service
users)
Fishers, fish
processors, fish
retailers, etc.
Marine
energy/resources
developers (oil, gas,
windmill, rare
materials, etc.)
Builders and
construction
companies (port,
coastline, etc.) and
shipping companies
Marine securityrelated agencies
(coast guard,
self-defense
force, police,
etc.)
Land-based activities
indirectly relating to
marine areas via
water discharges
(Agriculture, etc.)
s
e
p
y
t
e
s
U
Industrial
uses
Daily/traditional uses
by the local people
Education research,
conservation activities
Tourism/leisure
Fisheries
Transport
Spawning
ground
Seascape
Feedin
g area
Place for
human
acƟviƟes
Marine
energy/Res
ources
Phytoplankt
on
Zooplankton
Small
crustacea/shells
Energy/resource
development
Island (raised
coral reef) and
Mangrove
QuieƟng
effect
Place for
living
Industrial development
(Ocean energy, seabed
exploration, etc.)
Seascape
Plant
/animal
nursery
ground
Water
movement
Lights
Coastal
area
Land
Offshore
Habitat for
endangered
species (manta,
sea turtle, etc.)
Place for
animal and
plants
growth
Zooxan
thella
Land/property
development
Water
discharge
Soil
discharge
Inter-Ɵdal
Habitat for
fish species
Crown-ofthorns starfish
Water
clarity
Seagrass
Seagrass
bed
FloaƟng
seaweed
Attached
algae
Reef-building
Corals
Sea
surface
Attached
algae
Nutrient
Nutrient
Island (raised d
coral reef) and
Mangrove
Water
discharge d
Industrial
uses
Daily/traditional uses
by the local people
Zooxan
thella
Seagrass
A
Reef-building
Corals
Nature restoration, marine
park, waste management,
beach clean-up activities,
Monitoring activities, etc.
Land/property
development
Nature
protections
Spawning
ground
Feedin
g area
Place for
living
Place for
human
acƟviƟes
Place for
animal and
plants
growth
Attach
l
Regulations on water
discharge, waste
treatment, etc.
Water
quality
Seascape
Seascape
Plant
/animal
nursery
grou g nd
Sanctuary area, beach clean-up
activities, marine waste
management
Nutr r rient
Nut
er
Extermin
ation
Water
clarity y
Seagrass
bed
Habitat for
endangered
species (manta,
sea turtle, etc.)
Habitat for
fish species
Sea
surface
Waste
manage
ment
Water quality and
waste management
Industrial development
(Ocean energy, seabed
exploration, etc.)
Nature
protection
Monitoring activities
Tourism/leisure
Fisheries
Transport
Education research,
conservation activities
Q
Soil
discharge
Natural parks
Coastal
area
Land
Crown n n- -ofRe
thorns starfish t t
MoE measures
NaƟonal Park, Biodiversity, Nature
restoraƟon, Water quality, etc.
Water
movement
Lights
Nutrient
N t
t t ti i
i
Mo Mo Mo Mo M n n n n n nito to
ito to
ito it ito ito ito i r r r ri i i in n n n ng g g g activ activ activi iti tie es s s s
erode
prevention
Marine conservation,
education, cultural
activities, tourism, etc.
(Marine Cultural Service
users)
Builders and
construction
companies (port,
coastline, etc.) and
shipping companies
ConstrucƟon
Companies
Fishers, fish
processors, fish
retailers, etc.
ConservaƟon,
Tourism,
Research
M. Makino et al.