14
2.2 Method
2.2.1 The Social-Ecological Systems (SES) Schematic
There are many ways to conceptualize the interrelationships between ecological
system and social systems (For example, Ostrom 2009, Berkes et al. 2014, Bodin
2017, Diaz et al. 2018, etc.) Some studies drew social-ecological diagram based on
the interviews/workshops with local stakeholders. For example, Howard et al.
(2013) dealt with the climate change in Australia and discussed the marine biodiversity conservation scenarios with stakeholders. Tiller et al. (2017) discussed about
the governance of Norwegian salmon aquaculture with local stakeholders and government officers, and developed the conceptual map. In this chapter, because our
study focused on the policy interventions for harmonization of the uses and conservation (Article 2 of the Act), we tried to describe the interrelationship among the
main ecosystem structures, ecosystem functions, ecosystem use types, and stakeholders, in the following manner.
Firstly, the ecological scientists in the co-authors conducted the literature reviews
and hearing survey to biologists, ecologists, fisheries scientists, etc., who are doing
natural science researches on the Sekisei Lagoon, and identified the important ecosystem structure and functions there. On the other hand, the social scientists in the
coauthors conducted the web-based survey to identify the main stakeholders relating to the marine ecosystem services (Hori et al. 2017). Based on the result, they
conducted the field stakeholder analysis in Ishigaki City (snowball method interviews) to identify the main use-types of the Sekisei Lagoon ecosystem services.
They interviewed to the local fishers, agricultural farmers, local/national government officers, coast guard, local researchers, environmental NGOs (including
WWF-Japan), tourism association, diving association, restaurants, ferry company,
and local hotels. Finally, these results are combined into an integrated diagram,
called as the Sekisei Lagoon Social-Ecological Systems (SES) Schematic.
2.2.2 Review of the Policy Interventions
Based on the Sekisei Lagoon SES Schematic, literature reviews and interviews
were conducted to the local/central government officers and environmental policy
experts, and a list of main legal basis (acts) relating to the policy interventions to the
Sekisei Lagoon by various ministries was developed. Then, coauthors identified the
components within the Sekisei Lagoon SES Schematic that each policy intervention
by each ministry is targeting. Finally, the coverages of the overall policy interventions by various ministries were graphically summarized over the SES Schematic
(Makino et al. 2018).
M. Makino et al.
2.2 Method
2.2.1 The Social-Ecological Systems (SES) Schematic
There are many ways to conceptualize the interrelationships between ecological
system and social systems (For example, Ostrom 2009, Berkes et al. 2014, Bodin
2017, Diaz et al. 2018, etc.) Some studies drew social-ecological diagram based on
the interviews/workshops with local stakeholders. For example, Howard et al.
(2013) dealt with the climate change in Australia and discussed the marine biodiversity conservation scenarios with stakeholders. Tiller et al. (2017) discussed about
the governance of Norwegian salmon aquaculture with local stakeholders and government officers, and developed the conceptual map. In this chapter, because our
study focused on the policy interventions for harmonization of the uses and conservation (Article 2 of the Act), we tried to describe the interrelationship among the
main ecosystem structures, ecosystem functions, ecosystem use types, and stakeholders, in the following manner.
Firstly, the ecological scientists in the co-authors conducted the literature reviews
and hearing survey to biologists, ecologists, fisheries scientists, etc., who are doing
natural science researches on the Sekisei Lagoon, and identified the important ecosystem structure and functions there. On the other hand, the social scientists in the
coauthors conducted the web-based survey to identify the main stakeholders relating to the marine ecosystem services (Hori et al. 2017). Based on the result, they
conducted the field stakeholder analysis in Ishigaki City (snowball method interviews) to identify the main use-types of the Sekisei Lagoon ecosystem services.
They interviewed to the local fishers, agricultural farmers, local/national government officers, coast guard, local researchers, environmental NGOs (including
WWF-Japan), tourism association, diving association, restaurants, ferry company,
and local hotels. Finally, these results are combined into an integrated diagram,
called as the Sekisei Lagoon Social-Ecological Systems (SES) Schematic.
2.2.2 Review of the Policy Interventions
Based on the Sekisei Lagoon SES Schematic, literature reviews and interviews
were conducted to the local/central government officers and environmental policy
experts, and a list of main legal basis (acts) relating to the policy interventions to the
Sekisei Lagoon by various ministries was developed. Then, coauthors identified the
components within the Sekisei Lagoon SES Schematic that each policy intervention
by each ministry is targeting. Finally, the coverages of the overall policy interventions by various ministries were graphically summarized over the SES Schematic
(Makino et al. 2018).
M. Makino et al.