134
ecosystems, while relative to forest ecosystems, we find a preference for technological
solution types in cultivated ecosystems.
Inland water ecosystems are the only one of the eight ecosystems found in IPSI
member experiences where solutions are part of sustainable use and management
schemes planned at local ecological scales including river basins, freshwater lakes,
and watershed or catchment areas. In inland water ecosystems, knowledge solution
types are not present in implementing sustainable use and management approaches
at local ecological scales, and knowledge solutions make up the lowest proportion
of solution types in inland water ecosystems even when including those planned at
administrative scales. Knowledge solutions are selected at two to three times less
often a rate than other solution types in inland water ecosystems.
Institutional and governance solution types were not found at local scales in
mountain ecosystems, while they were found in island and coastal ecosystems at a
local government scale at about two times the rate to all other solution types. None
of the 52 cases at local scales were found in dryland or urban ecosystems. Solutions
in coastal and island ecosystems were planned only at the district or municipality
level at local scales.
7.4 Discussion
7.4.1 Selecting Place-Based Solutions for Different
Social- Ecological Systems
Solution types, coalitions of societal actors, and targeted ecosystems and scales do
show variances per sub-region and overall patterns in the experiences of IPSI members in Asia (Figs. 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, and 7.4). We discuss some of the factors that may
account for these differences in patterns by sub-region.
The preference for technological responses in East Asia, particularly for agroecological solutions (Fig. 7.2), can be ascribed to the recognition of the impacts of
modernized agriculture in countries such as Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and China. Japan
and China have among some of highest rates of pesticide use worldwide,
3
and the
impacts of these practices on key species important for high-value crops triggered
local communities to shift to more eco-friendly farming practices. In Taiwan, farmers developed new production systems based on ecological practices (Chao 2018).
In Japan and China, species such as the Oriental White Stork in the Hyogo Tajima
region of Japan and the Crested Ibis in China inspired the adoption of agroecological farming practices that would restore and create a habitat for these species to
3 Japan, Taiwan, and China are in the highest bracket of countries worldwide, and Korea follows in
the second highest country bracket, per tonnes of active ingredients of pesticides, averaged 1990–
2016. Both China and Japan are in the top ten countries. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RP/
visualize (accessed January 29, 2019).
R. Kozar et al.
ecosystems, while relative to forest ecosystems, we find a preference for technological
solution types in cultivated ecosystems.
Inland water ecosystems are the only one of the eight ecosystems found in IPSI
member experiences where solutions are part of sustainable use and management
schemes planned at local ecological scales including river basins, freshwater lakes,
and watershed or catchment areas. In inland water ecosystems, knowledge solution
types are not present in implementing sustainable use and management approaches
at local ecological scales, and knowledge solutions make up the lowest proportion
of solution types in inland water ecosystems even when including those planned at
administrative scales. Knowledge solutions are selected at two to three times less
often a rate than other solution types in inland water ecosystems.
Institutional and governance solution types were not found at local scales in
mountain ecosystems, while they were found in island and coastal ecosystems at a
local government scale at about two times the rate to all other solution types. None
of the 52 cases at local scales were found in dryland or urban ecosystems. Solutions
in coastal and island ecosystems were planned only at the district or municipality
level at local scales.
7.4 Discussion
7.4.1 Selecting Place-Based Solutions for Different
Social- Ecological Systems
Solution types, coalitions of societal actors, and targeted ecosystems and scales do
show variances per sub-region and overall patterns in the experiences of IPSI members in Asia (Figs. 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, and 7.4). We discuss some of the factors that may
account for these differences in patterns by sub-region.
The preference for technological responses in East Asia, particularly for agroecological solutions (Fig. 7.2), can be ascribed to the recognition of the impacts of
modernized agriculture in countries such as Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and China. Japan
and China have among some of highest rates of pesticide use worldwide,
3
and the
impacts of these practices on key species important for high-value crops triggered
local communities to shift to more eco-friendly farming practices. In Taiwan, farmers developed new production systems based on ecological practices (Chao 2018).
In Japan and China, species such as the Oriental White Stork in the Hyogo Tajima
region of Japan and the Crested Ibis in China inspired the adoption of agroecological farming practices that would restore and create a habitat for these species to
3 Japan, Taiwan, and China are in the highest bracket of countries worldwide, and Korea follows in
the second highest country bracket, per tonnes of active ingredients of pesticides, averaged 1990–
2016. Both China and Japan are in the top ten countries. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RP/
visualize (accessed January 29, 2019).
R. Kozar et al.