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in cultivated and forest ecosystems, solutions are only planned at local social and
administrative scales and not at local ecological scales.
Solutions have the highest concentrations in cultivated and forest ecosystems.
Although cultivated and forest ecosystems each make up roughly the same proportion of overall ecosystems found in SEPLS across the 88 cases, at the local scales,
solutions are targeted at a 32% greater rate in cultivated ecosystems than forest
ecosystems. In forest ecosystems, institutional and governance solution types are
selected at about twice the rate of knowledge solution types. Relative to cultivated
ecosystems, there is a preference for social and cultural solution types in forest
Fig. 7.4 Solutions per solution type, by social and ecological scales and ecosystem. Local social
scales include village to district/municipality and ecological scales from river basin to watershed.
(Source: Kozar et al. 2019 reprinted with permission from Elsevier)
7 Place-Based Solutions for Conservation and Restoration of Social-Ecological…