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Japan are not found in Southeast Asia (Matsui et al. 2010). Access to basic social
services such as clean drinking water (social and cultural) is not found in East Asia.
Taxes and user fees (economic) and financing (institutional and governance) do
not appear as local-scale solutions but are found in the overall set of solutions,
although such solutions are possible at the scale of local or village government.
7.3.2 Sub-regional Multi-stakeholder Coalitions
for Conservation and Restoration Solutions in SEPLS
Across the IPSI network in Asia, there is strong evidence that communities are
working with additional societal actors at multiple levels to achieve conservation
and restoration solutions. In landscape coalitions, local communities and
community- based organizations form the basis of multi-stakeholder coalitions.
They represent just under one quarter of all actors and are engaged with a wide
range of other stakeholders, in total 18 types of partners at different scales across 4
broad stakeholder groups (public, nongovernmental, research, community)
(Fig. 7.3). In each sub-region 16 to all 18 of these partner types are found, and they
include all four broad stakeholder groups in each sub-region.
However, the types of stakeholders in partnership with communities in landscape
coalitions do demonstrate different sub-regional compositions depending on sociopolitical contexts. In Southeast Asia for instance, coalitions are more heavily made
up of public sector engagement from local or national sector ministries and individual leaders at multiple scales. Such leaders are commonly an extension agent
such as a District Forest Officer. Sectoral ministries are less engaged in solutions in
SEPLS in South Asia in our sample.
The compositions of societal actors in coalitions in other sub-regions may reflect
states of economic development. Local and national research institutions are
engaged at double the rate in East Asia compared with the other two sub-regions,
while foreign government engagement is not found at all, likely reflecting the more
developed economies of Japan and China and more developed national research
institutes and facilities. And while it’s more common to find mention of individual
leaders that drove conservation and restoration solutions in SEPLS outside of East
Asia, local governments are engaged at double the rate in East Asia than
Southeast Asia.
In South Asia, engagement of intergovernmental organizations is more prevalent,
often to provide technical support or capacity building for development project
implementation in SEPLS. Similarly, in South Asia engagement of the nongovernmental sector in coalitions is strong. Local and international NGOs are found at
about double the rate in South and East Asia than in Southeast Asia. Civil society
institutions are also a strong development partner in South Asia. In addition,
community- based institutions representing indigenous and ethnic groups are found
7 Place-Based Solutions for Conservation and Restoration of Social-Ecological…
Japan are not found in Southeast Asia (Matsui et al. 2010). Access to basic social
services such as clean drinking water (social and cultural) is not found in East Asia.
Taxes and user fees (economic) and financing (institutional and governance) do
not appear as local-scale solutions but are found in the overall set of solutions,
although such solutions are possible at the scale of local or village government.
7.3.2 Sub-regional Multi-stakeholder Coalitions
for Conservation and Restoration Solutions in SEPLS
Across the IPSI network in Asia, there is strong evidence that communities are
working with additional societal actors at multiple levels to achieve conservation
and restoration solutions. In landscape coalitions, local communities and
community- based organizations form the basis of multi-stakeholder coalitions.
They represent just under one quarter of all actors and are engaged with a wide
range of other stakeholders, in total 18 types of partners at different scales across 4
broad stakeholder groups (public, nongovernmental, research, community)
(Fig. 7.3). In each sub-region 16 to all 18 of these partner types are found, and they
include all four broad stakeholder groups in each sub-region.
However, the types of stakeholders in partnership with communities in landscape
coalitions do demonstrate different sub-regional compositions depending on sociopolitical contexts. In Southeast Asia for instance, coalitions are more heavily made
up of public sector engagement from local or national sector ministries and individual leaders at multiple scales. Such leaders are commonly an extension agent
such as a District Forest Officer. Sectoral ministries are less engaged in solutions in
SEPLS in South Asia in our sample.
The compositions of societal actors in coalitions in other sub-regions may reflect
states of economic development. Local and national research institutions are
engaged at double the rate in East Asia compared with the other two sub-regions,
while foreign government engagement is not found at all, likely reflecting the more
developed economies of Japan and China and more developed national research
institutes and facilities. And while it’s more common to find mention of individual
leaders that drove conservation and restoration solutions in SEPLS outside of East
Asia, local governments are engaged at double the rate in East Asia than
Southeast Asia.
In South Asia, engagement of intergovernmental organizations is more prevalent,
often to provide technical support or capacity building for development project
implementation in SEPLS. Similarly, in South Asia engagement of the nongovernmental sector in coalitions is strong. Local and international NGOs are found at
about double the rate in South and East Asia than in Southeast Asia. Civil society
institutions are also a strong development partner in South Asia. In addition,
community- based institutions representing indigenous and ethnic groups are found
7 Place-Based Solutions for Conservation and Restoration of Social-Ecological…