Table 2.1 The relative contribution of high mountains to ecosystem services (agents providing
the service are shown in italics), indicating potential trade-offs (negative correlations) and
synergies (positive correlations)
Contribution
Trade-offs
Synergies
Provisioning services
Food
Moderate
Raw materials, biodiversity
services
Freshwater, biodiversity
services
Livestock, berries, mushrooms, hunting, wildlife, fish
Raw materials
Moderate
Freshwater, carbon storage,
soil protection, biodiversity
services, cultural services
Timber, fuelwood, hay, plant oils
Freshwater
High
Tourism
Wastewater treatment,
biodiversity services,
cultural services
Snowpack, springs, rivers
Medicinal
resources
Moderate
Biodiversity services
Cultural services
Plants
Regulating services
Local climate
and air quality
Moderate
Carbon storage,
biodiversity services,
cultural services
Forests
Carbon storage
and
sequestration
Moderate
Habitat for species
Soil protection
Forests, soils
Moderation of
extreme events
High
Habitat for species
Provisioning services,
soil protection,
biodiversity services,
cultural services
Avalanches, landslides, floods
Wastewater
treatment
Low
Soil protection,
biodiversity services,
cultural services
Wetlands
Soil protection
and erosion
protection
High
Biodiversity services,
cultural services
Soil integrity
Pollination
Low
Biodiversity services
Insect biodiversity
Biological
control
Low
Species and genetics
diversity
Biodiversity services,
recreation, tourism
(continued)
2 Trade-offs in High Mountain Conservation
51