Kammer PM, Schob C, Choler P (2007) Increasing species richness on mountain summits: upward
migration due to anthropogenic climate change or re-colonisation? J Veg Sci 18:301–306
Kikvidze Z, Khetsuriani L, Kikodze D, Callaway RM (2001) Facilitation and interference in
subalpine meadows of the central Caucasus. J Veg Sci 12:833–838
Klanderud K, Birks HJB (2003) Recent increases in species richness and shifts in altitudinal
distributions of Norwegian mountain plants. Holocene 13:1–6
Körner C (2003) Alpine plant life, 2nd edn. Springer Verlag, Berlin
Körner C (2004) Mountain biodiversity, its causes and function. Ambio Spec Rep:11–17
Körner C (2007) The use of ‘altitude’ in ecological research. Trends Ecol Evol 22:569–574
Körner C (2013) Alpine ecosystems. In: SA L (ed) Encyclopedia of biodiversity. 2nd edn. Elsevier
pp 148–157
Körner C, Spehn EM (eds) (2002) Mountain biodiversity: a global assessment. CRC Press, New
York
Korner C, Diemer M, Schappi B, Niklaus P, Arnone J (1997) The responses of alpine grassland to
four seasons of CO 2 enrichment: a synthesis. Acta Oecologica-Int J Ecol 18:165–175
Kullman L (2010) A richer, greener and smaller Alpine world: review and projection of
warming-induced plant cover change in the Swedish Scandes. Ambio 39:159–169
Larigauderie A, Körner C (1995) Acclimation of leaf dark respiration to temperature in alpine and
lowland plant species. Ann Bot 76:245–252
le Roux PC, Virtanen R, Heikkinen RK, Luoto M (2012) Biotic interactions affect the elevational
ranges of high-latitude plant species. Ecography 35:1048–1056
Lenoir J, Gegout JC, Marquet PA, de Ruffray P, Brisse H (2008) A significant upward shift in
plant species optimum elevation during the 20th century. Science 320:1768–1771
Locher Oberholzer N, Streit M, Frei M, Andrey C, Blaser R, Meyer J, Müller U, Reidy B,
Schutz M, Schwager M, Stoll M, Wyttenbach M, Rixen C (2008) Richtlinien
Hochlagenbegrünung. Ingenierbiologie 2:3–33
Matteodo M, Wipf S, Stoeckli V, Rixen C, Vittoz P (2013) Elevation gradient of successful plant
traits for colonizing alpine summits under climate change. Environ Res Lett 8
Moen J, Lagerstrom A (2008) High species turnover and decreasing plant species richness on
mountain summits in Sweden: Reindeer grazing overrides climate change? Arct Antarct Alp
Res 40:382–395
Normand S, Treier UA, Randin C, Vittoz P, Guisan A, Svenning J-C (2009) Importance of abiotic
stress as a range-limit determinant for European plants: insights from species responses to
climatic gradients. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 18:437–449
Odland A, Hoitomt T, Olsen SL (2010) Increasing vascular plant richness on 13 high mountain
summits in Southern Norway since the early 1970s. Arct Antarct Alp Res 42:458–470
Palacio S, Lenz A, Wipf S, Hoch G, Rixen C (2015) Bud freezing resistance in alpine shrubs
across snow depth gradients. Environ Exp Bot 118:95–101
Pauli H, Gottfried M, Dullinger S, Abdaladze O, Akhalkatsi M, Alonso JLB, Coldea G, Dick J,
Erschbamer B, Calzado RF, Ghosn D, Holten JI, Kanka R, Kazakis G, Kollar J, Larsson P,
Moiseev P, Moiseev D, Molau U, Mesa JM, Nagy L, Pelino G, Puscas M, Rossi G, Stanisci A,
Syverhuset AO, Theurillat JP, Tomaselli M, Unterluggauer P, Villar L, Vittoz P, Grabherr G
(2012) Recent plant diversity changes on Europe’s mountain summits. Science 336:353–355
Pellissier L, Brathen KA, Vittoz P, Yoccoz NG, Dubuis A, Meier ES, Zimmermann NE,
Randin CF, Thuiller W, Garraud L, Van Es J, Guisan A (2013) Thermal niches are more
conserved at cold than warm limits in arctic-alpine plant species. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 22:933–
941
Pepin N, Bradley RS, Diaz HF, Baraer M, Caceres EB, Forsythe N, Fowler H, Greenwood G,
Hashmi MZ, Liu XD, Miller JR, Ning L, Ohmura A, Palazzi E, Rangwala I, Schoener W,
Severskiy I, Shahgedanova M, Wang MB, Williamson SN, Yang DQ, Mt Res
Initiative EDWWG (2015) Elevation-dependent warming in mountain regions of the world.
Nature Clim Change 5:424–430
Pickering CM, Harrington J, Worboys G (2003) Environmental impacts of tourism on the Australian
Alps protected areas—judgments of protected area managers. Mt Res Dev 23:247–254
12 Non-equilibrium in Alpine Plant Assemblages …
301
migration due to anthropogenic climate change or re-colonisation? J Veg Sci 18:301–306
Kikvidze Z, Khetsuriani L, Kikodze D, Callaway RM (2001) Facilitation and interference in
subalpine meadows of the central Caucasus. J Veg Sci 12:833–838
Klanderud K, Birks HJB (2003) Recent increases in species richness and shifts in altitudinal
distributions of Norwegian mountain plants. Holocene 13:1–6
Körner C (2003) Alpine plant life, 2nd edn. Springer Verlag, Berlin
Körner C (2004) Mountain biodiversity, its causes and function. Ambio Spec Rep:11–17
Körner C (2007) The use of ‘altitude’ in ecological research. Trends Ecol Evol 22:569–574
Körner C (2013) Alpine ecosystems. In: SA L (ed) Encyclopedia of biodiversity. 2nd edn. Elsevier
pp 148–157
Körner C, Spehn EM (eds) (2002) Mountain biodiversity: a global assessment. CRC Press, New
York
Korner C, Diemer M, Schappi B, Niklaus P, Arnone J (1997) The responses of alpine grassland to
four seasons of CO 2 enrichment: a synthesis. Acta Oecologica-Int J Ecol 18:165–175
Kullman L (2010) A richer, greener and smaller Alpine world: review and projection of
warming-induced plant cover change in the Swedish Scandes. Ambio 39:159–169
Larigauderie A, Körner C (1995) Acclimation of leaf dark respiration to temperature in alpine and
lowland plant species. Ann Bot 76:245–252
le Roux PC, Virtanen R, Heikkinen RK, Luoto M (2012) Biotic interactions affect the elevational
ranges of high-latitude plant species. Ecography 35:1048–1056
Lenoir J, Gegout JC, Marquet PA, de Ruffray P, Brisse H (2008) A significant upward shift in
plant species optimum elevation during the 20th century. Science 320:1768–1771
Locher Oberholzer N, Streit M, Frei M, Andrey C, Blaser R, Meyer J, Müller U, Reidy B,
Schutz M, Schwager M, Stoll M, Wyttenbach M, Rixen C (2008) Richtlinien
Hochlagenbegrünung. Ingenierbiologie 2:3–33
Matteodo M, Wipf S, Stoeckli V, Rixen C, Vittoz P (2013) Elevation gradient of successful plant
traits for colonizing alpine summits under climate change. Environ Res Lett 8
Moen J, Lagerstrom A (2008) High species turnover and decreasing plant species richness on
mountain summits in Sweden: Reindeer grazing overrides climate change? Arct Antarct Alp
Res 40:382–395
Normand S, Treier UA, Randin C, Vittoz P, Guisan A, Svenning J-C (2009) Importance of abiotic
stress as a range-limit determinant for European plants: insights from species responses to
climatic gradients. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 18:437–449
Odland A, Hoitomt T, Olsen SL (2010) Increasing vascular plant richness on 13 high mountain
summits in Southern Norway since the early 1970s. Arct Antarct Alp Res 42:458–470
Palacio S, Lenz A, Wipf S, Hoch G, Rixen C (2015) Bud freezing resistance in alpine shrubs
across snow depth gradients. Environ Exp Bot 118:95–101
Pauli H, Gottfried M, Dullinger S, Abdaladze O, Akhalkatsi M, Alonso JLB, Coldea G, Dick J,
Erschbamer B, Calzado RF, Ghosn D, Holten JI, Kanka R, Kazakis G, Kollar J, Larsson P,
Moiseev P, Moiseev D, Molau U, Mesa JM, Nagy L, Pelino G, Puscas M, Rossi G, Stanisci A,
Syverhuset AO, Theurillat JP, Tomaselli M, Unterluggauer P, Villar L, Vittoz P, Grabherr G
(2012) Recent plant diversity changes on Europe’s mountain summits. Science 336:353–355
Pellissier L, Brathen KA, Vittoz P, Yoccoz NG, Dubuis A, Meier ES, Zimmermann NE,
Randin CF, Thuiller W, Garraud L, Van Es J, Guisan A (2013) Thermal niches are more
conserved at cold than warm limits in arctic-alpine plant species. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 22:933–
941
Pepin N, Bradley RS, Diaz HF, Baraer M, Caceres EB, Forsythe N, Fowler H, Greenwood G,
Hashmi MZ, Liu XD, Miller JR, Ning L, Ohmura A, Palazzi E, Rangwala I, Schoener W,
Severskiy I, Shahgedanova M, Wang MB, Williamson SN, Yang DQ, Mt Res
Initiative EDWWG (2015) Elevation-dependent warming in mountain regions of the world.
Nature Clim Change 5:424–430
Pickering CM, Harrington J, Worboys G (2003) Environmental impacts of tourism on the Australian
Alps protected areas—judgments of protected area managers. Mt Res Dev 23:247–254
12 Non-equilibrium in Alpine Plant Assemblages …
301