Table 11.1 Summary of the main life-history characteristics of upland populations and species of
different taxonomic groups
Taxonomic
group
Responses in uplands (or at
the cold extreme of the
gradient)
References
Insects and
other
arthropods
Prolonged generation time
Hodkinson (2005), Schmoller (1970)
Short larval stage
Tanaka and Brookes (1983), Zettel (2000)
Fast growth
Dingle et al. (1990), Berner et al. (2004),
Laiolo and Obeso (2015), Chown and Klok
(2003)
Small adult size
Laiolo et al. (2013)
Low fecundity
Reviewed by Hönek (1993)
Fewer but larger eggs
Fischer et al. (2003), Hayashi and Hamano
(1984), Mashiko (1990), Hancock et al.
(1998), Wilhelm and Schindler (2000)
Parthenogenesis
Wachter et al. (2012)
Fishes
Increased longevity
Pauly (1980), Beverton (1987)
Fewer but larger eggs
Sternberg and Kennard (2013)
Egg guarding
Sternberg and Kennard (2013)
Amphibians
Increased longevity
Zhang and Lu (2012)
Larger eggs and reduced
offspring size
Liao et al. (2014)
Fast growth in common
garden experiments
Berven et al. (1979), Berven (1982)
Reptiles
Increased adult survival
Adolph and Porter (1993)
Viviparity
Braña et al. (1991), Tinkle and Gibbons
(1977)
Reduced eggshell thickness
Mathies and Andrews (1995)
Increased offspring size
(oviparous species)
Sinervo et al. (1992)
Infrequent reproduction
Shine (2005)
Birds
Reduced fecundity
Badyaev (1997a), Badyaev and Ghalambor
(2001), Boyle et al. (2015), Laiolo et al.
(2015b)
Prolonged parental care
Badyaev (1997a), Badyaev and Ghalambor
(2001), Boyle et al. (2015)
Shift from sexual to parental
behaviour in males
Badyaev (1997b), Snell-Rood and Badyaev
(2008), Apfelbeck and Goymann (2011),
Bastianelli et al. (2015)
Mammals
Longer lifespan of adults,
older age at reproduction
Bronson (1979), Zammuto and Millar
(1985), Yoccoz and Ims (1999)
Lower litter size
Dunmire (1960), Fleming and Rauscher
(1978), Smith and McGinnis (1968)
Increased parental care
Festa-Bianchet et al. (1994)
(continued)
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P. Laiolo and J.R. Obeso