Boitani L, Alvarez F, Anders O, Andren H, Avanzinelli E, BalysV, Blanco JC, Breitenmoser U,
Chapron G, Ciucci P, Dutsov A, Groff C, Huber D, Ionescu O, Knauer F, KojolaI, Kubala J,
Kutal M, Linnell J, Majic A, MannilP, Manz R, Marucco F, Melovski D, Molinari A,
Norberg H, Nowak S, Ozolins J, Palazon S, Potocnik H, Quenette PY, Reinhardt I, Rigg R,
Selva N, Sergiel A, Shkvyria M, Swenson J, Trajce A, Von Arx M, Wolfl M,
Wotschikowsky U, Zlatanova D (2015) Key actions for Large Carnivore populations in
Europe. Institute of Applied Ecology (Rome, Italy). Report to DG Environment, European
Commission, Bruxelles. Contract no. 07.0307/2013/654446/SER/B3
Brown JS (1999) Vigilance, patch use, and habitat selection: foraging under predation risk. Evol
Ecol Res 49–71
Burkholder DA, Heithaus MR, Fourqurean JW, Wirsing A, Dill LM (2013) Patterns of top-down
control in a sea grass ecosystem: could a roving apex predator induce a behavior-mediated
trophic cascade? J Anim Ecol 82:1192–1202. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12097
Camarra JJ, Parde JM (1990) The brown bear in France, status and management in 1985. Aquilo
Ser Zool Tome 27:93–96
Casanova E (2005) L’ós del Pirineu. Crònica d’un extermini. ColÁlecció Guímet. Pagès Editors,
Lleida
Chapron G, Kaczensky P, Linnell JD, Von Arx M, Huber D, Andrén H et al (2014) Recovery of
large carnivores in Europe’s modern human-dominated landscapes. Science 346:1517–1519
Croll DA, Maron JL, Estes JA, Danner EM, Byrd GV (2005) Introduced predators transform
subarctic islands from grassland to tundra. Science 307:1959–1961
DARP (2015) Status of the brown bear in Catalonia: 2014 (In Catalan). Non published Report
Edwards M (2014) A review of management problems arising from reintroductions of large
carnivores. J Young Investig 27:11–16
Estes JA (1996) Carnivores and ecosystem management. Wildlife Soc Bul 24:390–396
Estes JA, Duggins DO (1995) Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: generality and variation in a
community ecological paradigm. Ecol Monogr 65:75–100
Estes JA, Tinker MT, Williams TM, Doak DF (1998) Killer whale predation on sea otters linking
oceanic and near shore ecosystems. Science 282:473–476
Estes JA, Crooks K, Holt R (2001) Predators, the ecological role of. In: Levin S (ed) Encyclopedia
of Biodiversity, vol 4. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp 857–878
Estes JA, Riedman ML, Staedler MM, Tinker MY, Lyon BE (2003) Individual variation in prey
selection by sea otters: Patterns, causes and implications. J Anim Ecol 72:144–155
Estes JA, Terborgh J, Brashares JS, Power ME, Berger J, Bond WJ, Carpenter SR, Essington TE,
Holt RD, Jackson JBC et al (2011) Trophic downgrading of planet earth. Science 333:301–306
FitzGibbon CD, Lazarus J (1995) Antipredator behavior of Serengeti ungulates: Individual
differences and population consequences. In: Sinclair ARE, Arcese P (eds) Serengeti II:
dynamics, management, and conservation of an ecosystem. University of ChicagoPress,
Chicago IL, pp 274–296
Frank DA (2008) Evidence for top predator control of a grazing ecosystem. Oikos 117:1718–1724
Hayward MW, Marlow N (2014) Will dingoes really conserve wildlife and can our methods tell?
J Appl Ecol 51:835–838
Heithaus M, Wirsing AJ, Dill LM (2012) The ecological importance of intact top predator
populations: a synthesis of 15 years of research in a sea grass ecosystem. Marine Freshw Res
63:1039–1050
Helfield J, Naiman RJ (2006) Keystone interactions: Salmon and bear in riparian forests of Alaska.
Ecosystems 9:167–180
Holtgrieve G, Schindler DE (2011) Marine derived nutrients, bioturbation, and ecosystem
metabolism: reconsidering the role of salmon in streams. Ecology 92:373–385
Jedrzejewska B, Jedrzejewski W (2005) Large carnivores and ungulates in European temperate
forest ecosystems: bottom-up and top-down control. In: Ray JC, Redford KH, Steneck RS,
Berger J (eds) Large carnivores and the conservation of biodiversity. Island Press, Washington,
DC, pp 230–246
246
S. Palazón
Chapron G, Ciucci P, Dutsov A, Groff C, Huber D, Ionescu O, Knauer F, KojolaI, Kubala J,
Kutal M, Linnell J, Majic A, MannilP, Manz R, Marucco F, Melovski D, Molinari A,
Norberg H, Nowak S, Ozolins J, Palazon S, Potocnik H, Quenette PY, Reinhardt I, Rigg R,
Selva N, Sergiel A, Shkvyria M, Swenson J, Trajce A, Von Arx M, Wolfl M,
Wotschikowsky U, Zlatanova D (2015) Key actions for Large Carnivore populations in
Europe. Institute of Applied Ecology (Rome, Italy). Report to DG Environment, European
Commission, Bruxelles. Contract no. 07.0307/2013/654446/SER/B3
Brown JS (1999) Vigilance, patch use, and habitat selection: foraging under predation risk. Evol
Ecol Res 49–71
Burkholder DA, Heithaus MR, Fourqurean JW, Wirsing A, Dill LM (2013) Patterns of top-down
control in a sea grass ecosystem: could a roving apex predator induce a behavior-mediated
trophic cascade? J Anim Ecol 82:1192–1202. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12097
Camarra JJ, Parde JM (1990) The brown bear in France, status and management in 1985. Aquilo
Ser Zool Tome 27:93–96
Casanova E (2005) L’ós del Pirineu. Crònica d’un extermini. ColÁlecció Guímet. Pagès Editors,
Lleida
Chapron G, Kaczensky P, Linnell JD, Von Arx M, Huber D, Andrén H et al (2014) Recovery of
large carnivores in Europe’s modern human-dominated landscapes. Science 346:1517–1519
Croll DA, Maron JL, Estes JA, Danner EM, Byrd GV (2005) Introduced predators transform
subarctic islands from grassland to tundra. Science 307:1959–1961
DARP (2015) Status of the brown bear in Catalonia: 2014 (In Catalan). Non published Report
Edwards M (2014) A review of management problems arising from reintroductions of large
carnivores. J Young Investig 27:11–16
Estes JA (1996) Carnivores and ecosystem management. Wildlife Soc Bul 24:390–396
Estes JA, Duggins DO (1995) Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: generality and variation in a
community ecological paradigm. Ecol Monogr 65:75–100
Estes JA, Tinker MT, Williams TM, Doak DF (1998) Killer whale predation on sea otters linking
oceanic and near shore ecosystems. Science 282:473–476
Estes JA, Crooks K, Holt R (2001) Predators, the ecological role of. In: Levin S (ed) Encyclopedia
of Biodiversity, vol 4. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp 857–878
Estes JA, Riedman ML, Staedler MM, Tinker MY, Lyon BE (2003) Individual variation in prey
selection by sea otters: Patterns, causes and implications. J Anim Ecol 72:144–155
Estes JA, Terborgh J, Brashares JS, Power ME, Berger J, Bond WJ, Carpenter SR, Essington TE,
Holt RD, Jackson JBC et al (2011) Trophic downgrading of planet earth. Science 333:301–306
FitzGibbon CD, Lazarus J (1995) Antipredator behavior of Serengeti ungulates: Individual
differences and population consequences. In: Sinclair ARE, Arcese P (eds) Serengeti II:
dynamics, management, and conservation of an ecosystem. University of ChicagoPress,
Chicago IL, pp 274–296
Frank DA (2008) Evidence for top predator control of a grazing ecosystem. Oikos 117:1718–1724
Hayward MW, Marlow N (2014) Will dingoes really conserve wildlife and can our methods tell?
J Appl Ecol 51:835–838
Heithaus M, Wirsing AJ, Dill LM (2012) The ecological importance of intact top predator
populations: a synthesis of 15 years of research in a sea grass ecosystem. Marine Freshw Res
63:1039–1050
Helfield J, Naiman RJ (2006) Keystone interactions: Salmon and bear in riparian forests of Alaska.
Ecosystems 9:167–180
Holtgrieve G, Schindler DE (2011) Marine derived nutrients, bioturbation, and ecosystem
metabolism: reconsidering the role of salmon in streams. Ecology 92:373–385
Jedrzejewska B, Jedrzejewski W (2005) Large carnivores and ungulates in European temperate
forest ecosystems: bottom-up and top-down control. In: Ray JC, Redford KH, Steneck RS,
Berger J (eds) Large carnivores and the conservation of biodiversity. Island Press, Washington,
DC, pp 230–246
246
S. Palazón