400
Table 17.4 Summary characteristics of green infrastructure interventions
Reference
Study design
Intervention
Outcome
Van Seters
et al. (2009)
Toronto,
Canada
Quasiexperiment,
controlled (post
data only)
A 241 m
2 green roof
vegetated with wildflowers
installed on a multi-story,
university building
+ve: The green roof retained
63% more rainfall than the
conventional roof over the
18 month monitoring period
Carpenter and
Kaluvakolanu
(2011)
Michigan,
USA
Quasiexperiment,
controlled (post
data only)
Extensive green roof of
10.16 cm depth applied to
the roof of a building on a
university campus; a green
roof section of 325.2 m
2
and 929 m
2 were monitored
+ve: Sig. higher total solids
concentration (p = 0.045) for the
green roof than the asphalt roof;
lower total phosphate
concentrations for the green roof
(non-sig.); green roof retained
68% of rainfall volume and
reduced peak discharge by an
average of 89%
Mayer et al.
(2012)
Ohio, USA
controlintervention
(BACI)
experimental
design
Retro-fit storm water
management: Installation
of 83 rain gardens and 176
rain barrels onto more than
30% of the 350 eligible
residential properties
through an incentivised
auction (2007–2008)
+ve: Intervention had an overall
small but sig. effect of
decreasing storm water quantity
at the sub watershed scale
Fassman-Beck
et al. (2013)
Auckland,
New Zealand
Quasiexperiment,
controlled (post
data only)
A 500 m
2 extensive green
roof installed on a council
civic centre
+ve: 57% retention of rain water
in comparison to control
Shuster and
Rhea (2013),
Roy et al.
(2014)
Ohio, USA
Before–after–
control–
intervention
(BACI)
experimental
design
Retro-fit storm water
management: Installation
of 81 rain gardens and 165
rain barrels onto 30% of
properties through an
incentivised auction
(2007–2008) at 4
experimental
subcatchments
−ve: No sig. difference between
control and experimental sites
with regards to stream water
quality, periphyton, and
macroinvertebrate metrics
+ve: Small sig. decrease in
runoff volume in treatment
subcatchments
Kondo et al.
(2015)
Philadelphia,
PA, USA
Quasiexperiment:
difference-indifference
design
Installation of green storm
water infrastructure at 52
sites: 152 tree trenches, 46
infiltration or storage
trenches, 43 rain gardens,
29 pervious pavement
installments, 20 bumpouts,
14 bio-swales, 5 storm
water basins, 1 wetland,
and 12 other
+ve: Sig. reductions in narcotics
possession (18–27% less)
(p < .01), (p < .01) at varying
distances from treatment sites;
sig. reductions in narcotics
manufacture and burglaries;
non-sig. reductions in
homicides, assaults, thefts,
public drunkenness, stress
levels, blood pressure and
cholesterol
(continued)
R. F. Hunter et al.
Table 17.4 Summary characteristics of green infrastructure interventions
Reference
Study design
Intervention
Outcome
Van Seters
et al. (2009)
Toronto,
Canada
Quasiexperiment,
controlled (post
data only)
A 241 m
2 green roof
vegetated with wildflowers
installed on a multi-story,
university building
+ve: The green roof retained
63% more rainfall than the
conventional roof over the
18 month monitoring period
Carpenter and
Kaluvakolanu
(2011)
Michigan,
USA
Quasiexperiment,
controlled (post
data only)
Extensive green roof of
10.16 cm depth applied to
the roof of a building on a
university campus; a green
roof section of 325.2 m
2
and 929 m
2 were monitored
+ve: Sig. higher total solids
concentration (p = 0.045) for the
green roof than the asphalt roof;
lower total phosphate
concentrations for the green roof
(non-sig.); green roof retained
68% of rainfall volume and
reduced peak discharge by an
average of 89%
Mayer et al.
(2012)
Ohio, USA
controlintervention
(BACI)
experimental
design
Retro-fit storm water
management: Installation
of 83 rain gardens and 176
rain barrels onto more than
30% of the 350 eligible
residential properties
through an incentivised
auction (2007–2008)
+ve: Intervention had an overall
small but sig. effect of
decreasing storm water quantity
at the sub watershed scale
Fassman-Beck
et al. (2013)
Auckland,
New Zealand
Quasiexperiment,
controlled (post
data only)
A 500 m
2 extensive green
roof installed on a council
civic centre
+ve: 57% retention of rain water
in comparison to control
Shuster and
Rhea (2013),
Roy et al.
(2014)
Ohio, USA
Before–after–
control–
intervention
(BACI)
experimental
design
Retro-fit storm water
management: Installation
of 81 rain gardens and 165
rain barrels onto 30% of
properties through an
incentivised auction
(2007–2008) at 4
experimental
subcatchments
−ve: No sig. difference between
control and experimental sites
with regards to stream water
quality, periphyton, and
macroinvertebrate metrics
+ve: Small sig. decrease in
runoff volume in treatment
subcatchments
Kondo et al.
(2015)
Philadelphia,
PA, USA
Quasiexperiment:
difference-indifference
design
Installation of green storm
water infrastructure at 52
sites: 152 tree trenches, 46
infiltration or storage
trenches, 43 rain gardens,
29 pervious pavement
installments, 20 bumpouts,
14 bio-swales, 5 storm
water basins, 1 wetland,
and 12 other
+ve: Sig. reductions in narcotics
possession (18–27% less)
(p < .01), (p < .01) at varying
distances from treatment sites;
sig. reductions in narcotics
manufacture and burglaries;
non-sig. reductions in
homicides, assaults, thefts,
public drunkenness, stress
levels, blood pressure and
cholesterol
(continued)
R. F. Hunter et al.