193
Jones 2017; Rantakokko et al. 2018; Wolf et al. 2017). The majority of these
assessed depression (Cox et al. 2017; Duarte-Tagles et al. 2015; Jones 2017;
Rantakokko et al. 2018) using self-report standardised measures such as the DASS
(Cox et al. 2017), CES-D (Rantakokko et al. 2018) and PHQ-12 (Jones 2017).
Anxiety was assessed also through the use of standardised self-report measures:
DASS (Cox et al. 2017) and the STAI (Wolf et al. 2017). The DASS was additionally used to assess perceived stress (Cox et al. 2017). General mental health was
assessed by Foo (2016) who utilised scales specifically developed for the study.
Mental well-being was examined in 13 studies (Carrus et al. 2015; Cracknell
et al. 2016, 2017; Foo 2016; Johansson et al. 2014; Jones 2017; Marselle et al. 2015,
2016; Rantakokko et al. 2018; Saw et al. 2015; Wheeler et al. 2015; White et al.
2017; Wolf et al. 2017). The majority assessed emotions (Cracknell et al. 2016,
2017; Johansson et al. 2014; Jones 2017; Marselle et al. 2015, 2016; White et al.
2017; Wolf et al. 2017) using standardised self-report measures such as the PANAS
(Marselle et al. 2015, 2016; Wolf et al. 2017), the Feeling Scale and Felt Arousal
Scale (Cracknell et al. 2016; White et al. 2017), and the Basic Emotional Process 12
(Johansson et al. 2014). Quality of life was assessed with the WHO QoL (Rantakokko
et al. 2018). Four studies measured general well-being: 3 studies (Carrus et al. 2015;
Foo 2016; Wheeler et al. 2015) did not separate physical from mental well-being,
and 1 study (Saw et al. 2015) did not separate mood (a short-term, affective aspect
of well-being) from life satisfaction (a long-term, cognitive aspect of well-being,
Diener et al. 1985).
Depression
Anxiety
Stress
General mental health
Emotions
Quality of life
General mental
wellbeing
0
2
4
Number of studies
6
8
10
Indicator of mental health and wellbeing
Fig. 9.3 Number of mental health and mental well-being variables used across the 16 studies
published after 2012. The sum may exceed 100% because some studies address more than one
mental health or well-being variable
9 Review of the Mental Health and Well-being Benefits of Biodiversity
Jones 2017; Rantakokko et al. 2018; Wolf et al. 2017). The majority of these
assessed depression (Cox et al. 2017; Duarte-Tagles et al. 2015; Jones 2017;
Rantakokko et al. 2018) using self-report standardised measures such as the DASS
(Cox et al. 2017), CES-D (Rantakokko et al. 2018) and PHQ-12 (Jones 2017).
Anxiety was assessed also through the use of standardised self-report measures:
DASS (Cox et al. 2017) and the STAI (Wolf et al. 2017). The DASS was additionally used to assess perceived stress (Cox et al. 2017). General mental health was
assessed by Foo (2016) who utilised scales specifically developed for the study.
Mental well-being was examined in 13 studies (Carrus et al. 2015; Cracknell
et al. 2016, 2017; Foo 2016; Johansson et al. 2014; Jones 2017; Marselle et al. 2015,
2016; Rantakokko et al. 2018; Saw et al. 2015; Wheeler et al. 2015; White et al.
2017; Wolf et al. 2017). The majority assessed emotions (Cracknell et al. 2016,
2017; Johansson et al. 2014; Jones 2017; Marselle et al. 2015, 2016; White et al.
2017; Wolf et al. 2017) using standardised self-report measures such as the PANAS
(Marselle et al. 2015, 2016; Wolf et al. 2017), the Feeling Scale and Felt Arousal
Scale (Cracknell et al. 2016; White et al. 2017), and the Basic Emotional Process 12
(Johansson et al. 2014). Quality of life was assessed with the WHO QoL (Rantakokko
et al. 2018). Four studies measured general well-being: 3 studies (Carrus et al. 2015;
Foo 2016; Wheeler et al. 2015) did not separate physical from mental well-being,
and 1 study (Saw et al. 2015) did not separate mood (a short-term, affective aspect
of well-being) from life satisfaction (a long-term, cognitive aspect of well-being,
Diener et al. 1985).
Depression
Anxiety
Stress
General mental health
Emotions
Quality of life
General mental
wellbeing
0
2
4
Number of studies
6
8
10
Indicator of mental health and wellbeing
Fig. 9.3 Number of mental health and mental well-being variables used across the 16 studies
published after 2012. The sum may exceed 100% because some studies address more than one
mental health or well-being variable
9 Review of the Mental Health and Well-being Benefits of Biodiversity