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K. Illath et al.
terreus If0 in various pH conditions. Extracellular culture filtrate (ECF) of fungus
served as the synthesis medium. When the pH of ECF is 5, synthesized particles
contains multiple shapes such as triangular, rod, and elongated shapes, hence the
shape distribution is not uniform. As pH is increased to 8, elongated shapes disappeared and dominated with rods and other asymmetric shapes with an average size
of 20–29 nm. At a pH of 10, rod shape also disappeared, only spherical shape having
an average diameter of 10–19 nm is present. Hence, the observed trend is reduction
in shape distribution and size, with increasing pH [93].
Mushroom assisted MNPs synthesis is generally known as mycosynthesis or green
chemistry, in which extracts from medicinal and edible mushrooms or fungi are used
to form functional MNPs. Numata et al. synthesized NPs from mushrooms for the
first time in 1994 [94]. They used Schizophyllum commune mushroom to extract
purified polysaccharides to produce nanofibers. The species of Pleurotus (Oyster
mushroom) such as P. giganteus, P. pulmonarius, P. eous, P. platypus, P. salmoneostramineus, P. djamor, P. ostreatus, P. Florida, P. citrinopileatus, P. comucopiae
var citrinopileatus, P. djamor var. roseus and P. sajor caju are used to synthesize Ag
NPs. Pleurotus sp. has several medicinal advantages like antimicrobial, antibacterial,
antifungal, anti-pathogenic yeast, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-tumour, anti-viral,
antidiabetic, antihypercholesterolemic, and anti-arthritic properties. The mechanism
of synthesis of Ag NPs from Pleurotus sp. is depicted in Fig. 17. In intracellular based
synthesis, electron released by nitrate reductase is used to reduce Ag
+ into Ag
0 , while
extracellular based synthesis involves myco-materials like amino acids, proteins or
enzymes, polysaccharides, phenol, etc. Generally, extracts from Pleurotus sp. mix
with mineral salt like AgNO 3 . Produced NPs contain Ag NPs (66%) in the majority,
and the remaining contains Au, Fe, Se, CdS, and ZnS NPs [94].
Fig. 17 Overview of synthesis (intracellular and extracellular) of Ag NPs from Pleurotus sp. using
silver nitrate as mineral salt. Redrawn from [94]
K. Illath et al.
terreus If0 in various pH conditions. Extracellular culture filtrate (ECF) of fungus
served as the synthesis medium. When the pH of ECF is 5, synthesized particles
contains multiple shapes such as triangular, rod, and elongated shapes, hence the
shape distribution is not uniform. As pH is increased to 8, elongated shapes disappeared and dominated with rods and other asymmetric shapes with an average size
of 20–29 nm. At a pH of 10, rod shape also disappeared, only spherical shape having
an average diameter of 10–19 nm is present. Hence, the observed trend is reduction
in shape distribution and size, with increasing pH [93].
Mushroom assisted MNPs synthesis is generally known as mycosynthesis or green
chemistry, in which extracts from medicinal and edible mushrooms or fungi are used
to form functional MNPs. Numata et al. synthesized NPs from mushrooms for the
first time in 1994 [94]. They used Schizophyllum commune mushroom to extract
purified polysaccharides to produce nanofibers. The species of Pleurotus (Oyster
mushroom) such as P. giganteus, P. pulmonarius, P. eous, P. platypus, P. salmoneostramineus, P. djamor, P. ostreatus, P. Florida, P. citrinopileatus, P. comucopiae
var citrinopileatus, P. djamor var. roseus and P. sajor caju are used to synthesize Ag
NPs. Pleurotus sp. has several medicinal advantages like antimicrobial, antibacterial,
antifungal, anti-pathogenic yeast, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-tumour, anti-viral,
antidiabetic, antihypercholesterolemic, and anti-arthritic properties. The mechanism
of synthesis of Ag NPs from Pleurotus sp. is depicted in Fig. 17. In intracellular based
synthesis, electron released by nitrate reductase is used to reduce Ag
+ into Ag
0 , while
extracellular based synthesis involves myco-materials like amino acids, proteins or
enzymes, polysaccharides, phenol, etc. Generally, extracts from Pleurotus sp. mix
with mineral salt like AgNO 3 . Produced NPs contain Ag NPs (66%) in the majority,
and the remaining contains Au, Fe, Se, CdS, and ZnS NPs [94].
Fig. 17 Overview of synthesis (intracellular and extracellular) of Ag NPs from Pleurotus sp. using
silver nitrate as mineral salt. Redrawn from [94]