Metallic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
63
Fig. 15 Schematic illustration of the synthesis of MNPs using the biological method. It uses
biological species such as bacteria, fungi, or plant extracts to reduce the metallic salt to form
various shaped NPs under controlled reaction conditions such as temperature. Synthesized particles
can be used for various biomedical applications due to its non-toxic behaviour
nuclei can be easily formed by reducing the metal ions, and they aggregate further to
form NPs [34]. The location of synthesis can be either intracellular or extracellular.
Pt NPs can be synthesized with the help of fungi such as Neurospora crassa and
Fusarium oxysporum. Neurospora crassa based synthesis involves bioreduction of
proteins in intracellular (cell wall, cytoplasm), which results in single-crystalline,
quasi-spherical, and round nanoaggregates. Bioreduction of enzymes in Fusarium
oxysporum leads to the Pt NPs of crystalline nature with spherical shape (5–30 nm).
In contrast, the bioreduction of the hydrogenase enzyme leads to rectangular, triangular, and monodispersed spherical NPs. Hexagonal, pentagonal, circular, square,
and spherical shaped Pt NPs can be easily synthesized through bioprecipitation of
enzymes and peptides in intracellular or extracellular in Fusarium oxysporum [92].
Figure 16 shows the controlled synthesis of Au NPs with the help of Aspergillus
Fig. 16 Biological synthesis of Au NPs using Aspergillus terreus; TEM images of synthesized
particles under ECF pH of a 5, b 8, and c 10, respectively. Reproduced from [93] under a Creative
Commons Attribution 3.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
63
Fig. 15 Schematic illustration of the synthesis of MNPs using the biological method. It uses
biological species such as bacteria, fungi, or plant extracts to reduce the metallic salt to form
various shaped NPs under controlled reaction conditions such as temperature. Synthesized particles
can be used for various biomedical applications due to its non-toxic behaviour
nuclei can be easily formed by reducing the metal ions, and they aggregate further to
form NPs [34]. The location of synthesis can be either intracellular or extracellular.
Pt NPs can be synthesized with the help of fungi such as Neurospora crassa and
Fusarium oxysporum. Neurospora crassa based synthesis involves bioreduction of
proteins in intracellular (cell wall, cytoplasm), which results in single-crystalline,
quasi-spherical, and round nanoaggregates. Bioreduction of enzymes in Fusarium
oxysporum leads to the Pt NPs of crystalline nature with spherical shape (5–30 nm).
In contrast, the bioreduction of the hydrogenase enzyme leads to rectangular, triangular, and monodispersed spherical NPs. Hexagonal, pentagonal, circular, square,
and spherical shaped Pt NPs can be easily synthesized through bioprecipitation of
enzymes and peptides in intracellular or extracellular in Fusarium oxysporum [92].
Figure 16 shows the controlled synthesis of Au NPs with the help of Aspergillus
Fig. 16 Biological synthesis of Au NPs using Aspergillus terreus; TEM images of synthesized
particles under ECF pH of a 5, b 8, and c 10, respectively. Reproduced from [93] under a Creative
Commons Attribution 3.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)