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V. S. Simi et al.
46. Tsuchiya H, MacAk JM, Ghicov A, Taveira L, Schmuki P (2005) Self-organized porous TiO 2
and ZrO 2 produced by anodization. Corros Sci 47:3324–3335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor
sci.2005.05.041
47. Berger S, Faltenbacher J, Bauer S, Schmuki P (2008) Enhanced self-ordering of anodic
ZrO2 nanotubes in inorganic and organic electrolytes using two-step anodization. Phys Status
Solidi—Rapid Res Lett 2:102–104. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssr.200802019
48. Cipriano AF, Miller C, Liu H (2014) Anodic growth and biomedical applications of TiO 2
nanotubes. J Biomed Nanotechnol 10:2977–3003. https://doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2014.1927
49. Anitha VC, Menon D, Nair SV, Prasanth R (2010) Electrochemical tuning of titania nanotube
morphology in inhibitor electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 55:3703–3713. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.electacta.2009.12.096
50. Fu Y, Mo A (2018) A review on the electrochemically self-organized titania nanotube arrays:
synthesis, modifications, and biomedical applications. Nanoscale Re Lett 13
51. Macak JM, Tsuchiya H, Ghicov A, Yasuda K, Hahn R, Bauer S, Schmuki P (2007) TiO 2
nanotubes: self-organized electrochemical formation, properties and applications. Curr Opin
Solid State Mater Sci 11:3–18
52. Gong D, Grimes CA, Varghese OK, Hu W, Singh RS, Chen Z, Dickey EC (2001) Titanium
oxide nanotube arrays prepared by anodic oxidation. J Mater Res 16:3331–3334. https://doi.
org/10.1557/JMR.2001.0457
53. Regonini D, Bowen CR, Jaroenworaluck A, Stevens R (2013) A review of growth mechanism,
structure and crystallinity of anodized TiO 2 nanotubes. Mater Sci Eng R Reports 74:377–406
54. Valota A, Curioni M, Leclere DJ, Skeldon P, Falaras P, Thompson GE (2010) Influence of
applied potential on titanium oxide nanotube growth. J Electrochem Soc 157:K243. https://
doi.org/10.1149/1.3494155
55. Ali Yahia SA, Hamadou L, Kadri A, Benbrahim N, Sutter EMM (2012) Effect of anodizing
potential on the formation and EIS characteristics of TiO 2 nanotube arrays. J Electrochem
Soc 159:K83–K92. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.077204jes
56. Cai Q, Paulose M, Varghese OK, Grimes CA (2005) The effect of electrolyte composition on
the fabrication of self-organized titanium oxide nanotube arrays by anodic oxidation. J Mater
Res 20:230–236. https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2005.0020
57. Anodization parameters influencing the growth of titania nanotubes and their photoelectrochemical response. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijp/2012/638017/. Accessed 22 Jun
2020
58. Sulka GD, Kapusta-Kołodziej J, Brzózka A, Jaskuła M (2010) Fabrication of nanoporous
TiO 2 by electrochemical anodization. Electrochim Acta 55:4359–4367. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.electacta.2009.12.053
59. Simi VS (2018) Fabrication of bioactive nanostructured titania for biomedical applications.
Anna University, Chennai
60. Khudhair D, Bhatti A, Li Y, Hamedani HA, Garmestani H, Hodgson P, Nahavandi S
(2016) Anodization parameters influencing the morphology and electrical properties of TiO 2
nanotubes for living cell interfacing and investigations. Mater Sci Eng, C 59:1125–1142
61. Mohan L, Dennis C, Padmapriya N, Anandan C, Rajendran N (2020) Effect of electrolyte
temperature and anodization time on formation of TiO 2 nanotubes for biomedical applications.
Mater Today Commun 101103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101103
62. MacAk JM, Sirotna K, Schmuki P (2005) Self-organized porous titanium oxide prepared in
Na 2 SO 4 /NaF electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 50:3679–3684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electa
cta.2005.01.014
63. Macak JM, Taveira LV, Tsuchiya H, Sirotna K, Macak J, Schmuki P (2006) Influence of
different fluoride containing electrolytes on the formation of self-organized titania nanotubes
by Ti anodization. J Electroceramics 16:29–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10832-006-3904-0
64. Paulose M, Prakasam HE, Varghese OK, Peng L, Popat KC, Mor GK, Desai TA, Grimes CA
(2007) TiO 2 nanotube arrays of 1000 μm length by anodization of titanium foil: Phenol red
diffusion. J Phys Chem C 111:14992–14997. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp075258r
V. S. Simi et al.
46. Tsuchiya H, MacAk JM, Ghicov A, Taveira L, Schmuki P (2005) Self-organized porous TiO 2
and ZrO 2 produced by anodization. Corros Sci 47:3324–3335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor
sci.2005.05.041
47. Berger S, Faltenbacher J, Bauer S, Schmuki P (2008) Enhanced self-ordering of anodic
ZrO2 nanotubes in inorganic and organic electrolytes using two-step anodization. Phys Status
Solidi—Rapid Res Lett 2:102–104. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssr.200802019
48. Cipriano AF, Miller C, Liu H (2014) Anodic growth and biomedical applications of TiO 2
nanotubes. J Biomed Nanotechnol 10:2977–3003. https://doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2014.1927
49. Anitha VC, Menon D, Nair SV, Prasanth R (2010) Electrochemical tuning of titania nanotube
morphology in inhibitor electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 55:3703–3713. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.electacta.2009.12.096
50. Fu Y, Mo A (2018) A review on the electrochemically self-organized titania nanotube arrays:
synthesis, modifications, and biomedical applications. Nanoscale Re Lett 13
51. Macak JM, Tsuchiya H, Ghicov A, Yasuda K, Hahn R, Bauer S, Schmuki P (2007) TiO 2
nanotubes: self-organized electrochemical formation, properties and applications. Curr Opin
Solid State Mater Sci 11:3–18
52. Gong D, Grimes CA, Varghese OK, Hu W, Singh RS, Chen Z, Dickey EC (2001) Titanium
oxide nanotube arrays prepared by anodic oxidation. J Mater Res 16:3331–3334. https://doi.
org/10.1557/JMR.2001.0457
53. Regonini D, Bowen CR, Jaroenworaluck A, Stevens R (2013) A review of growth mechanism,
structure and crystallinity of anodized TiO 2 nanotubes. Mater Sci Eng R Reports 74:377–406
54. Valota A, Curioni M, Leclere DJ, Skeldon P, Falaras P, Thompson GE (2010) Influence of
applied potential on titanium oxide nanotube growth. J Electrochem Soc 157:K243. https://
doi.org/10.1149/1.3494155
55. Ali Yahia SA, Hamadou L, Kadri A, Benbrahim N, Sutter EMM (2012) Effect of anodizing
potential on the formation and EIS characteristics of TiO 2 nanotube arrays. J Electrochem
Soc 159:K83–K92. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.077204jes
56. Cai Q, Paulose M, Varghese OK, Grimes CA (2005) The effect of electrolyte composition on
the fabrication of self-organized titanium oxide nanotube arrays by anodic oxidation. J Mater
Res 20:230–236. https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2005.0020
57. Anodization parameters influencing the growth of titania nanotubes and their photoelectrochemical response. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijp/2012/638017/. Accessed 22 Jun
2020
58. Sulka GD, Kapusta-Kołodziej J, Brzózka A, Jaskuła M (2010) Fabrication of nanoporous
TiO 2 by electrochemical anodization. Electrochim Acta 55:4359–4367. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.electacta.2009.12.053
59. Simi VS (2018) Fabrication of bioactive nanostructured titania for biomedical applications.
Anna University, Chennai
60. Khudhair D, Bhatti A, Li Y, Hamedani HA, Garmestani H, Hodgson P, Nahavandi S
(2016) Anodization parameters influencing the morphology and electrical properties of TiO 2
nanotubes for living cell interfacing and investigations. Mater Sci Eng, C 59:1125–1142
61. Mohan L, Dennis C, Padmapriya N, Anandan C, Rajendran N (2020) Effect of electrolyte
temperature and anodization time on formation of TiO 2 nanotubes for biomedical applications.
Mater Today Commun 101103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101103
62. MacAk JM, Sirotna K, Schmuki P (2005) Self-organized porous titanium oxide prepared in
Na 2 SO 4 /NaF electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 50:3679–3684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electa
cta.2005.01.014
63. Macak JM, Taveira LV, Tsuchiya H, Sirotna K, Macak J, Schmuki P (2006) Influence of
different fluoride containing electrolytes on the formation of self-organized titania nanotubes
by Ti anodization. J Electroceramics 16:29–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10832-006-3904-0
64. Paulose M, Prakasam HE, Varghese OK, Peng L, Popat KC, Mor GK, Desai TA, Grimes CA
(2007) TiO 2 nanotube arrays of 1000 μm length by anodization of titanium foil: Phenol red
diffusion. J Phys Chem C 111:14992–14997. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp075258r