424
A. Kumar et al.
on g-C3N4 as adsorption material is a potential area for future investigation. [55]
3D carbon-boron-nitride (3D-C-BN) that looks like cheese was prepared with pore
size with a range of 2–100 nm devoid of any template support. It has hydrophobic
properties (contact angle of 112.1°), which makes it a floatable adsorbent for the
removal of oil pollutants. The 3D C- BN could be a flexible adsorbent agent for
organic dyes, metal ions, and oils because of the large number of active sites of C,
B-N, and smaller pores.
4.4 Modifications of Nanoporous Carbon (NPCs)
The inert nature and hydrophobic characteristics of nanoporous carbon act as adsorbent. Surface functionalization of the NPCs can overcome this complication and be
used for various applications [54]. Han et al. removed “Direct Blue 78 dye” from
polluted water by utilizing silica nanoparticles as a template to obtain NPCs [56]. As
compared to activated carbon, this material has a much higher adsorption capability,
almost 10 times the former. NPCs have interconnecting holes and microchannels,
and the adsorption is enhanced by honeycomb structure and consistent porosity.
Thomas et al. modified NPCs by introducing N and O and seen a remarkable gain
in the adsorption capacity for heavy metal ions. It could be simulated with the help
of Langmuir isotherm [57]. Zhang et al. developed an NPC complex with the help
of ZnCl 2 and then calcined for 2 hours it under an N2 atmosphere at a temperature
of 700–900 °C [58]. Surface applications of APC were improved by the enhanced
active surface area and a high pore volume. An enhanced surface area offers a much
larger number of active sites for adsorption of dyes; bigger pore size gives transport
channels due to which dye adsorb onto the inner pores smoothly. Also, functional
groups on the surface of the adsorbate improve APC’s dispersibility in an aqueous
system. [59] used metal-organic framework modified NPCs to effectively separate
an antibiotic, a phenolic compound, and a dye. These NPCs exhibit higher surface
area (1731 m2/g) and pore volume (1.68 cm3/g).
4.5 Modifications of Carbon Nanofibres (CNFs)
Carbon Nanofibres are different from conventional carbon fibers (CFs), primarily
in size as the latter comes out of nano range. CNFs have applications in various
fields because they display high tensile strength, exceptional chemical and thermal
stabilities, high conductivity, and low density [33, 60] developed mesoporous CNFs
with the help of an electrospinning method and studied how they can be used in the
adsorption of bigger dye molecules in polluted water treatment. Three varied mesoporous CNFs were developed using phenolic resins and triblock copolymer Pluronic
F127. While the former act as carbon precursors, the latter acts as a template. For
A. Kumar et al.
on g-C3N4 as adsorption material is a potential area for future investigation. [55]
3D carbon-boron-nitride (3D-C-BN) that looks like cheese was prepared with pore
size with a range of 2–100 nm devoid of any template support. It has hydrophobic
properties (contact angle of 112.1°), which makes it a floatable adsorbent for the
removal of oil pollutants. The 3D C- BN could be a flexible adsorbent agent for
organic dyes, metal ions, and oils because of the large number of active sites of C,
B-N, and smaller pores.
4.4 Modifications of Nanoporous Carbon (NPCs)
The inert nature and hydrophobic characteristics of nanoporous carbon act as adsorbent. Surface functionalization of the NPCs can overcome this complication and be
used for various applications [54]. Han et al. removed “Direct Blue 78 dye” from
polluted water by utilizing silica nanoparticles as a template to obtain NPCs [56]. As
compared to activated carbon, this material has a much higher adsorption capability,
almost 10 times the former. NPCs have interconnecting holes and microchannels,
and the adsorption is enhanced by honeycomb structure and consistent porosity.
Thomas et al. modified NPCs by introducing N and O and seen a remarkable gain
in the adsorption capacity for heavy metal ions. It could be simulated with the help
of Langmuir isotherm [57]. Zhang et al. developed an NPC complex with the help
of ZnCl 2 and then calcined for 2 hours it under an N2 atmosphere at a temperature
of 700–900 °C [58]. Surface applications of APC were improved by the enhanced
active surface area and a high pore volume. An enhanced surface area offers a much
larger number of active sites for adsorption of dyes; bigger pore size gives transport
channels due to which dye adsorb onto the inner pores smoothly. Also, functional
groups on the surface of the adsorbate improve APC’s dispersibility in an aqueous
system. [59] used metal-organic framework modified NPCs to effectively separate
an antibiotic, a phenolic compound, and a dye. These NPCs exhibit higher surface
area (1731 m2/g) and pore volume (1.68 cm3/g).
4.5 Modifications of Carbon Nanofibres (CNFs)
Carbon Nanofibres are different from conventional carbon fibers (CFs), primarily
in size as the latter comes out of nano range. CNFs have applications in various
fields because they display high tensile strength, exceptional chemical and thermal
stabilities, high conductivity, and low density [33, 60] developed mesoporous CNFs
with the help of an electrospinning method and studied how they can be used in the
adsorption of bigger dye molecules in polluted water treatment. Three varied mesoporous CNFs were developed using phenolic resins and triblock copolymer Pluronic
F127. While the former act as carbon precursors, the latter acts as a template. For