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37. Weissman NJ, Soman P, Shah DJ (2013) Multimodality imaging: opportunities and challenges.
JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 6(9):1022–1023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.07.003
38. Liu Z, Kiessling F, Gätjens J (2010) Advanced nanomaterials in multimodal imaging: design,
functionalization, and biomedical applications. J Nanomater 2010:1–15. https://doi.org/10.
1155/2010/894303
39. Santra TS, Tseng FG (2020) Single-cell analysis. Cells 9(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9
091993
40. Santra TS, Kar S, Chang HY, Tseng FG (2020) Nano-localized single-cell nanoelectroporation. Lab Chip. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0lc00712a
41. Davison CA, Chapman SE, Sasser TA, Wathen C, Diener J, Schafer ZT, M. Leevy WM (2013)
Multimodal optical, X-Ray CT, and SPECT imaging of a mouse model of breast cancer lung
metastasis. Curr Mol Med 13(3):368–376. http://doi.org/10.2174/1566524011313030006
42. Key J, Leary JF (2014) Nanoparticles for multimodal in vivo imaging in nanomedicine. Int J
Nanomed 9:711–726. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S53717
43. Leblond F, Davis SC, Valdes PA, Pogue BW (2010) Pre-clinical whole-body fluorescence imaging: review of instruments, methods and applications. J Photochem Photobiol,
B 98(1):77–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.11.007
44. Retif P, Pinel S, Toussaint M, Frochot C, Chouikrat R, Bastogne T, Barberi-Heyob M
(2015) Nanoparticles for radiation therapy enhancement: the key parameters. Theranostics
5(9):1030–1044. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.11642
45. Shan L, Chopra A, Leung K, Eckelman WC, Menkens AE (2012) Characterization of
nanoparticle-based contrast agents for molecular magnetic resonance imaging. J Nanoparticle
Res 14(9). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-1122-z
46. Glasser O (1995) W. C. Roentgen and the discovery of the Roentgen rays. AJR Am J roentgenol
165(5):1033–1040. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.165.5.7572472
47. Goodman PC (1995) The new light: discovery and introduction of the X-ray. AJR Am J
Roentgenol 165(5):1041–1045. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.165.5.7572473
48. B SL, Sai Varsha MKN, Kumar NA, Dixit M, Krishnamurthi G (2017) Fast frame rate rodent
cardiac x-ray imaging using scintillator lens coupled to CMOS camera 10132:101322 K.
https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2254541
49. Lee N, Choi SH, Hyeon T (2013) Nano-sized CT contrast agents. Adv Mater 25(19):2641–
2660. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201300081
50. Gazelle GS, Wolf GL, McIntire GL, Bacon ER, Halpern EF, Cooper ER, Toner JL (1994)
Nanoparticulate computed tomography contrast agents for blood pool and liver-spleen
imaging. Acad Radiol 1(4):373–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1076-6332(12)80011-0
51. Pasternak JJ, Williamson EE (2012) Clinical pharmacology, uses, and adverse reactions of
iodinated contrast agents: a primer for the non-radiologist. Mayo Clin Proc 87(4):390–402.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.01.012
52. Yin Q, Yap FY, Yin L, Ma L, Zhou Q, Dobrucki LW, Fan TM, Gaba RC, Cheng J (2013)
Poly(iohexol) nanoparticles as contrast agents for in vivo X-ray computed tomography
imaging. J Am Chem Soc 135(37):13620–13623. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja405196f
53. de Vries A, Custers E, Lub J, van den Bosch S, Nicolay K, Grull H (2010) Block-copolymerstabilized iodinated emulsions for use as CT contrast agents. Biomaterials 31(25):6537–6544.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.056
54. Kim H, Lee SK, Kim YM, Lee EH, Lim SJ, Kim SH, Yang J, Lim JS, Hyung WJ (2015) Fluorescent iodized emulsion for pre- and intraoperative sentinel lymph node imaging: validation
in a preclinical model. Radiology 275(1):196–204. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.14141159
55. Hainfeld JF, Ridwan SM, Stanishevskiy Y, Smilowitz NR, Davis J, Smilowitz HM (2018)
Small, long blood half-life iodine nanoparticle for vascular and tumor imaging. Sci Rep
8(1):13803. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31940-2
56. Zou Q, Huang J, Zhang X (2018) One-step synthesis of iodinated polypyrrole nanoparticles
for CT imaging guided photothermal therapy of tumors. Small 14(45):e1803101. https://doi.
org/10.1002/smll.201803101
N. Ashwin Kumar et al.
37. Weissman NJ, Soman P, Shah DJ (2013) Multimodality imaging: opportunities and challenges.
JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 6(9):1022–1023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.07.003
38. Liu Z, Kiessling F, Gätjens J (2010) Advanced nanomaterials in multimodal imaging: design,
functionalization, and biomedical applications. J Nanomater 2010:1–15. https://doi.org/10.
1155/2010/894303
39. Santra TS, Tseng FG (2020) Single-cell analysis. Cells 9(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9
091993
40. Santra TS, Kar S, Chang HY, Tseng FG (2020) Nano-localized single-cell nanoelectroporation. Lab Chip. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0lc00712a
41. Davison CA, Chapman SE, Sasser TA, Wathen C, Diener J, Schafer ZT, M. Leevy WM (2013)
Multimodal optical, X-Ray CT, and SPECT imaging of a mouse model of breast cancer lung
metastasis. Curr Mol Med 13(3):368–376. http://doi.org/10.2174/1566524011313030006
42. Key J, Leary JF (2014) Nanoparticles for multimodal in vivo imaging in nanomedicine. Int J
Nanomed 9:711–726. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S53717
43. Leblond F, Davis SC, Valdes PA, Pogue BW (2010) Pre-clinical whole-body fluorescence imaging: review of instruments, methods and applications. J Photochem Photobiol,
B 98(1):77–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.11.007
44. Retif P, Pinel S, Toussaint M, Frochot C, Chouikrat R, Bastogne T, Barberi-Heyob M
(2015) Nanoparticles for radiation therapy enhancement: the key parameters. Theranostics
5(9):1030–1044. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.11642
45. Shan L, Chopra A, Leung K, Eckelman WC, Menkens AE (2012) Characterization of
nanoparticle-based contrast agents for molecular magnetic resonance imaging. J Nanoparticle
Res 14(9). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-1122-z
46. Glasser O (1995) W. C. Roentgen and the discovery of the Roentgen rays. AJR Am J roentgenol
165(5):1033–1040. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.165.5.7572472
47. Goodman PC (1995) The new light: discovery and introduction of the X-ray. AJR Am J
Roentgenol 165(5):1041–1045. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.165.5.7572473
48. B SL, Sai Varsha MKN, Kumar NA, Dixit M, Krishnamurthi G (2017) Fast frame rate rodent
cardiac x-ray imaging using scintillator lens coupled to CMOS camera 10132:101322 K.
https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2254541
49. Lee N, Choi SH, Hyeon T (2013) Nano-sized CT contrast agents. Adv Mater 25(19):2641–
2660. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201300081
50. Gazelle GS, Wolf GL, McIntire GL, Bacon ER, Halpern EF, Cooper ER, Toner JL (1994)
Nanoparticulate computed tomography contrast agents for blood pool and liver-spleen
imaging. Acad Radiol 1(4):373–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1076-6332(12)80011-0
51. Pasternak JJ, Williamson EE (2012) Clinical pharmacology, uses, and adverse reactions of
iodinated contrast agents: a primer for the non-radiologist. Mayo Clin Proc 87(4):390–402.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.01.012
52. Yin Q, Yap FY, Yin L, Ma L, Zhou Q, Dobrucki LW, Fan TM, Gaba RC, Cheng J (2013)
Poly(iohexol) nanoparticles as contrast agents for in vivo X-ray computed tomography
imaging. J Am Chem Soc 135(37):13620–13623. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja405196f
53. de Vries A, Custers E, Lub J, van den Bosch S, Nicolay K, Grull H (2010) Block-copolymerstabilized iodinated emulsions for use as CT contrast agents. Biomaterials 31(25):6537–6544.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.056
54. Kim H, Lee SK, Kim YM, Lee EH, Lim SJ, Kim SH, Yang J, Lim JS, Hyung WJ (2015) Fluorescent iodized emulsion for pre- and intraoperative sentinel lymph node imaging: validation
in a preclinical model. Radiology 275(1):196–204. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.14141159
55. Hainfeld JF, Ridwan SM, Stanishevskiy Y, Smilowitz NR, Davis J, Smilowitz HM (2018)
Small, long blood half-life iodine nanoparticle for vascular and tumor imaging. Sci Rep
8(1):13803. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31940-2
56. Zou Q, Huang J, Zhang X (2018) One-step synthesis of iodinated polypyrrole nanoparticles
for CT imaging guided photothermal therapy of tumors. Small 14(45):e1803101. https://doi.
org/10.1002/smll.201803101