358
N. Ashwin Kumar et al.
circulation and excreted within seconds. 3. The ionic form of Yb is less toxic, and it
tends to uptake in the bone region. 4. Similar to Iodine, hight concentration of Yb is
required for proper CT, thereby viscosity increases [124]. Later studies revealed that
incorporating chelated agents would over the issues mentioned above [131]. Nano
based contrast agents can load a large amount of Yb chelates/ions forms and can
improve CT imaging. In 2011, Lehui Lu and his coworkers were the first to report
homogenous Yb nanoparticle as a CT contrast agent co-doped with Gadolinium and
Erbium as up-conversion nanomaterial [132]. NaYbF 4 nanoparticles were initially
coat with oleyl amine to avoid aggregation and functionalized using DSPE-PEG2000 to improve the bioavailability and reduce the toxicity in vivo (see Fig. 14).
CT contrast was higher compared to other metallic nanoparticles and iodine contrast
when excited at 120kVp.
Angiography played an important role in imaging chambers and vasculature system of preclinical systems. BaYbF 4 @SiO 2 @PEG nanomaterials helped in
prolonged circulation up to 2 h in the bloodstream due to increased stealth properties when coated with silica and PEG. Intravenous injection in the rabbit has
enhanced imaging, even small blood vessels shown in Fig. 14. The main factors
are the combined effect of Yb and Ba, and these materials have better X-ray attenuation at 120 kVp and, finally, the surfactant of nanomaterial [133]. Liu and coworkers
synthesized Yb 2 O 3 nanoparticles doped with Erbium and Gadolinium as an excellent X-ray contrast agent for in vivo imaging [134, 135]. A comparison of YbO
based nanoparticles doped with Gd
3+ and Er
3+ were shown in Fig. 15a, b was
performed by them. These nanomaterials are functionalized with PEG with a high
content of Yb, and doped materials serve both as X-ray CT and up-conversion
dual-modal imaging. Erbium-doped nanomaterials were subcutaneously injected
at 1 mg ml
−1 concentration compared with Iodine exposed at 120 kVp, 300 mA
current. In vivo CT imaging was examined in different organs and distributed in
the liver, heart, spleen, and kidney. In early 30 min, the maximum contrast was
observed and slowly decreased over time. The retention of the nanoparticles in the
bloodstream was up to 24 h can be visualized with 3D CT images (see Fig. 15).
Erbium (5%) doped Yb 2 O 3 NPs showed up-conversion fluorescence revealed red
emission when excited using NIR laser (980 nm). The same group has also exposed
to gadolinium doped Yb 2 O 3 NPs as dual-modal probes such as X-ray CT and MR
imaging. Figure 15 showed ICP analysis of nanoparticle accumulation was higher
in liver and spleen compared to other organs post 30 min of injected nanomaterials clear contrast is visualized. Later several works were published with Yb as
dopant materials. For instance, PEG-BaGdF 4 : Yb
3+ /Er
3+ , nano colloids incorporated
Yb
3+ , NaYF 4 :Yb
3+ /Er
3+ @NaGdY 4, Gd 2 O 3 :Yb
3+ /Er
3+ ,NaLuF4:Yb
3+ ,Tm
3+ @SiO 2 -
Gd-DTPA and BaYbF4@SiO 2 @PEG showed evident results that nano-based Yb as
CT contrast agent [133, 136–140].
Multispectral or dual-energy CT uses dual X-ray energies are exposed to sample
having multiple detectors to classify tissues with different X-ray attenuation properties [141]. Multicolor spectral CT imaging was performed using Yb doped nano
colloids helps in understanding the atherosclerotic plaques in coronary artery disease.
Yb nanoclusters (1 mg mL
−1 ) were intravenously injected and exposed at 130 kVp,
N. Ashwin Kumar et al.
circulation and excreted within seconds. 3. The ionic form of Yb is less toxic, and it
tends to uptake in the bone region. 4. Similar to Iodine, hight concentration of Yb is
required for proper CT, thereby viscosity increases [124]. Later studies revealed that
incorporating chelated agents would over the issues mentioned above [131]. Nano
based contrast agents can load a large amount of Yb chelates/ions forms and can
improve CT imaging. In 2011, Lehui Lu and his coworkers were the first to report
homogenous Yb nanoparticle as a CT contrast agent co-doped with Gadolinium and
Erbium as up-conversion nanomaterial [132]. NaYbF 4 nanoparticles were initially
coat with oleyl amine to avoid aggregation and functionalized using DSPE-PEG2000 to improve the bioavailability and reduce the toxicity in vivo (see Fig. 14).
CT contrast was higher compared to other metallic nanoparticles and iodine contrast
when excited at 120kVp.
Angiography played an important role in imaging chambers and vasculature system of preclinical systems. BaYbF 4 @SiO 2 @PEG nanomaterials helped in
prolonged circulation up to 2 h in the bloodstream due to increased stealth properties when coated with silica and PEG. Intravenous injection in the rabbit has
enhanced imaging, even small blood vessels shown in Fig. 14. The main factors
are the combined effect of Yb and Ba, and these materials have better X-ray attenuation at 120 kVp and, finally, the surfactant of nanomaterial [133]. Liu and coworkers
synthesized Yb 2 O 3 nanoparticles doped with Erbium and Gadolinium as an excellent X-ray contrast agent for in vivo imaging [134, 135]. A comparison of YbO
based nanoparticles doped with Gd
3+ and Er
3+ were shown in Fig. 15a, b was
performed by them. These nanomaterials are functionalized with PEG with a high
content of Yb, and doped materials serve both as X-ray CT and up-conversion
dual-modal imaging. Erbium-doped nanomaterials were subcutaneously injected
at 1 mg ml
−1 concentration compared with Iodine exposed at 120 kVp, 300 mA
current. In vivo CT imaging was examined in different organs and distributed in
the liver, heart, spleen, and kidney. In early 30 min, the maximum contrast was
observed and slowly decreased over time. The retention of the nanoparticles in the
bloodstream was up to 24 h can be visualized with 3D CT images (see Fig. 15).
Erbium (5%) doped Yb 2 O 3 NPs showed up-conversion fluorescence revealed red
emission when excited using NIR laser (980 nm). The same group has also exposed
to gadolinium doped Yb 2 O 3 NPs as dual-modal probes such as X-ray CT and MR
imaging. Figure 15 showed ICP analysis of nanoparticle accumulation was higher
in liver and spleen compared to other organs post 30 min of injected nanomaterials clear contrast is visualized. Later several works were published with Yb as
dopant materials. For instance, PEG-BaGdF 4 : Yb
3+ /Er
3+ , nano colloids incorporated
Yb
3+ , NaYF 4 :Yb
3+ /Er
3+ @NaGdY 4, Gd 2 O 3 :Yb
3+ /Er
3+ ,NaLuF4:Yb
3+ ,Tm
3+ @SiO 2 -
Gd-DTPA and BaYbF4@SiO 2 @PEG showed evident results that nano-based Yb as
CT contrast agent [133, 136–140].
Multispectral or dual-energy CT uses dual X-ray energies are exposed to sample
having multiple detectors to classify tissues with different X-ray attenuation properties [141]. Multicolor spectral CT imaging was performed using Yb doped nano
colloids helps in understanding the atherosclerotic plaques in coronary artery disease.
Yb nanoclusters (1 mg mL
−1 ) were intravenously injected and exposed at 130 kVp,