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G. Perumal and M. Doble
printing requires the use of a liquid binding solution to combine the particles
collectively in each layer, and finally, fabricated 3D objects are sintered at high
temperatures.
iii. Light or photopolymerized 3D printing—this fabrication technique also
called stereolithography (SLA). This method involves creating 3D objects by
patterning with ultra violet (UV) or laser beam of light in the bath containing
photo-polymeriazable liquid, creating a hard polymerized layer by layer manner.
iv. Inkjet 3D Printing—this technique is used to deliver picoliters volume (1–100) of
small droplets and the creation of 3D objects after solidification. Two subtypes of
this technique are continuous inkjet (CIJ)—produce a stream of 100-micrometer
diameter drops continuously and drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet—produces 25–
50 μm in diameter individual drops on demand, which is commonly used to
fabricate tissue engineering scaffolds [73].
Recently, bone tissue engineering was involved using 3D printing and electrospinning techniques and used to create 3D objects and coating of the implants/scaffolds.
The combination of 3D printing and melt electrospinning writing offers fabrication
of the tissue engineering scaffolds with controlled architecture. From the input of the
clinical image data, we can create the 3D model, which can be printed accurately to
match the patient defect region. This method facilitates the controlling architecture of
the scaffolds and also mimics the natural environment [75]. This biomimetic scaffold
architecture can improve bone healing as well as improved patient compliance. The
essential techniques used for fabricating bone tissue engineering scaffold includes the
combination of 3D printing and electric field-based techniques such as electrospinning/writing, electrospraying, and electrophoretic deposition [75]. This methodology
may be adopted for fabricating tissue engineering scaffolds with nanomaterials in
the form of composite for skeletal tissue healing or repair.
12 Summary
In this chapter, we have discussed the nanostructured materials and their requirements
for tissue engineering scaffolds and the advantages of nanostructured scaffolds over
conventional materials. The various biomaterials or bioinks used, and fabrication
techniques, notably electrospinning and 3D Printing, are used for developing tissue
engineering scaffolds with nanomaterials. The utilization of nanostructured materials
in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine has enormous potential. The selection of appropriate biomaterials and fabrication techniques will decide the success
of the tissue engineering scaffolds.
G. Perumal and M. Doble
printing requires the use of a liquid binding solution to combine the particles
collectively in each layer, and finally, fabricated 3D objects are sintered at high
temperatures.
iii. Light or photopolymerized 3D printing—this fabrication technique also
called stereolithography (SLA). This method involves creating 3D objects by
patterning with ultra violet (UV) or laser beam of light in the bath containing
photo-polymeriazable liquid, creating a hard polymerized layer by layer manner.
iv. Inkjet 3D Printing—this technique is used to deliver picoliters volume (1–100) of
small droplets and the creation of 3D objects after solidification. Two subtypes of
this technique are continuous inkjet (CIJ)—produce a stream of 100-micrometer
diameter drops continuously and drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet—produces 25–
50 μm in diameter individual drops on demand, which is commonly used to
fabricate tissue engineering scaffolds [73].
Recently, bone tissue engineering was involved using 3D printing and electrospinning techniques and used to create 3D objects and coating of the implants/scaffolds.
The combination of 3D printing and melt electrospinning writing offers fabrication
of the tissue engineering scaffolds with controlled architecture. From the input of the
clinical image data, we can create the 3D model, which can be printed accurately to
match the patient defect region. This method facilitates the controlling architecture of
the scaffolds and also mimics the natural environment [75]. This biomimetic scaffold
architecture can improve bone healing as well as improved patient compliance. The
essential techniques used for fabricating bone tissue engineering scaffold includes the
combination of 3D printing and electric field-based techniques such as electrospinning/writing, electrospraying, and electrophoretic deposition [75]. This methodology
may be adopted for fabricating tissue engineering scaffolds with nanomaterials in
the form of composite for skeletal tissue healing or repair.
12 Summary
In this chapter, we have discussed the nanostructured materials and their requirements
for tissue engineering scaffolds and the advantages of nanostructured scaffolds over
conventional materials. The various biomaterials or bioinks used, and fabrication
techniques, notably electrospinning and 3D Printing, are used for developing tissue
engineering scaffolds with nanomaterials. The utilization of nanostructured materials
in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine has enormous potential. The selection of appropriate biomaterials and fabrication techniques will decide the success
of the tissue engineering scaffolds.