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Y. Sasikumar et al.
undergo wear and corrosion in the physiological environment was important. Therefore, the metallic debris release, corrosion products to the surroundings resulting in
deleterious biological responses, and implant failure take place. To overcome these
issues and various problems, several strategies are adopted to control the microstructure, (while developing the alloys) and severe plastic deformation. Also, the process to
refine the microstructure/second phase distribution, and surface coatings on implants.
Surface modification methods over the surface of implants using nanocoating could
improve wear and corrosion properties and simultaneously enhance the biological
responses. Hydrogen-free a-C/a-C: Ti multilayer coating was deposited to Ti-6Al4 V alloy using the magnetron sputtering technique and revealed good biocompatibility and the femoral coated head showed better wear properties, reduced metal ions
release the longevity of prostheses for prolong time [23–28].
The lubrication on the biomedical devices is an important factor in reducing
the implant failure because of its friction and wear loss. The hydrophilic coating
comprised of hyaluronic acid (HA)-silica nanohybrid hydrogels deposited on stainless steel 316 L (SUS) substrate revealed a lower coefficient of friction values than
the only hyaluronic acid-coated sample. Hydroxyapatite binds physically with SiO 2,
and due to the electrostatic force between the charged polymers, HAp stretches
away from the substrate. As a result, a thick hydration layer formed, enhancing
the lubrication in an aqueous environment [29]. The bio-corrosion of Cp-Ti, grade
4 was significantly controlled by spin coating, a thin film of ZnO functionalized
with organic bi-functional molecules. The PEG functionalized surface exhibited the
CA value of 18°, which is significantly lower than the other organic molecules and
pristine ZnO coated surfaces. The enhanced wettability was due to the increase of
C-O/CH 2 ratio and the existence of oxygen in -(CH 2 CH 2 O-)n backbone [30]. A
noble shift of about 300 mV in corrosion potential (E corr ) for the coated samples was
compared to the uncoated Ti. The 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) had a slight decrease in E corr compared to ZnO, which can be
attributed to the presence of defects water or oxygen. Electrochemical impedance
spectroscopic (EIS) results revealed that all the coated Ti except ZnO-PEG, exhibited R ct values of magnitude with three orders which are higher than the uncoated
Ti. ZnO with organic molecules will significantly reduce the charge transfer at their
electrolyte/substrate interface and reduce the metal ions release, thus enhancing the
functionalized surface’s corrosion resistance.
Prosthetic implant mainly used in the hip replacement surgery contains different
components viz. femoral component, acetabular cup, and articular interface. In
general, total hip arthroplasty (total hip replacement) refers to the replacement of
both femoral head and acetabular component, whereas the half (hemiarthroplasty)
will replace only the femoral component. The component acetabular cup was placed
into the acetabulum (hip socket). Bone and cartilage are removed from the acetabulum. Further, the acetabular cup is filled and attached with cement by friction. Some
acetabulum is a single piece, and others are of modular type pieces. One-piece of
shells are usually made up of either metal or polyethylene with articular surface
machined over the inner surface of the cup and do not rely upon locking mechanism
to hold with a liner. Polyethylene cup is cemented in place, along with a metal cup
Y. Sasikumar et al.
undergo wear and corrosion in the physiological environment was important. Therefore, the metallic debris release, corrosion products to the surroundings resulting in
deleterious biological responses, and implant failure take place. To overcome these
issues and various problems, several strategies are adopted to control the microstructure, (while developing the alloys) and severe plastic deformation. Also, the process to
refine the microstructure/second phase distribution, and surface coatings on implants.
Surface modification methods over the surface of implants using nanocoating could
improve wear and corrosion properties and simultaneously enhance the biological
responses. Hydrogen-free a-C/a-C: Ti multilayer coating was deposited to Ti-6Al4 V alloy using the magnetron sputtering technique and revealed good biocompatibility and the femoral coated head showed better wear properties, reduced metal ions
release the longevity of prostheses for prolong time [23–28].
The lubrication on the biomedical devices is an important factor in reducing
the implant failure because of its friction and wear loss. The hydrophilic coating
comprised of hyaluronic acid (HA)-silica nanohybrid hydrogels deposited on stainless steel 316 L (SUS) substrate revealed a lower coefficient of friction values than
the only hyaluronic acid-coated sample. Hydroxyapatite binds physically with SiO 2,
and due to the electrostatic force between the charged polymers, HAp stretches
away from the substrate. As a result, a thick hydration layer formed, enhancing
the lubrication in an aqueous environment [29]. The bio-corrosion of Cp-Ti, grade
4 was significantly controlled by spin coating, a thin film of ZnO functionalized
with organic bi-functional molecules. The PEG functionalized surface exhibited the
CA value of 18°, which is significantly lower than the other organic molecules and
pristine ZnO coated surfaces. The enhanced wettability was due to the increase of
C-O/CH 2 ratio and the existence of oxygen in -(CH 2 CH 2 O-)n backbone [30]. A
noble shift of about 300 mV in corrosion potential (E corr ) for the coated samples was
compared to the uncoated Ti. The 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) had a slight decrease in E corr compared to ZnO, which can be
attributed to the presence of defects water or oxygen. Electrochemical impedance
spectroscopic (EIS) results revealed that all the coated Ti except ZnO-PEG, exhibited R ct values of magnitude with three orders which are higher than the uncoated
Ti. ZnO with organic molecules will significantly reduce the charge transfer at their
electrolyte/substrate interface and reduce the metal ions release, thus enhancing the
functionalized surface’s corrosion resistance.
Prosthetic implant mainly used in the hip replacement surgery contains different
components viz. femoral component, acetabular cup, and articular interface. In
general, total hip arthroplasty (total hip replacement) refers to the replacement of
both femoral head and acetabular component, whereas the half (hemiarthroplasty)
will replace only the femoral component. The component acetabular cup was placed
into the acetabulum (hip socket). Bone and cartilage are removed from the acetabulum. Further, the acetabular cup is filled and attached with cement by friction. Some
acetabulum is a single piece, and others are of modular type pieces. One-piece of
shells are usually made up of either metal or polyethylene with articular surface
machined over the inner surface of the cup and do not rely upon locking mechanism
to hold with a liner. Polyethylene cup is cemented in place, along with a metal cup