Nanomaterials for Medical Implants
307
coated sample. Furthermore, the nano-octahedron CeO 2 coated Ti had the best properties compared with nanorod and nanocubes. The improved properties of nanooctahedron CeO 2 were mainly due to the smallest size with more crystalline planes
exposure exhibited the highest Ce
3+ value and strongest ROS scavenging capacity.
The ZnO and HAp nanoparticle coated grade 23 Ti discs were found to be effective
in resisting bacterial attachment and enhanced the osseointegration [21].
Ceramic dental implant market is consistently growing since ceramics possess
superior mechanical properties; in particular, zirconia is a good choice of implant
materials that can be attributed to its high excellent strength and fracture toughness. The surface modification of zirconia implants through various techniques are
carried out to increase the surface roughness and wettability through the nanoporous
surface formation. A selective infiltration etching (SIE) technique is used to fabricate
the nanoporous surface on zirconia implants. The hydroxyapatite derived from the
bones of the femoral head of white rabbits (V Spain) were prepared in the nanoscale
(100 nm) and coated with zirconia by immersion coating. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP)
coatings were also prepared onto porous zirconia by immersion technique [22]. The
SIE technique results in the porous surface formation with an average of 136.43 ±
2.76 nm of pore diameter, and the porosity was reduced about 9 and 4% for the HA,
and PRP coated surfaces respectively. The hybrid surfaces enhanced the new bone
formation of about 79.8% and 71% for the HA and PRP coated Zr, respectively, in
comparison with the uncoated surface (49%). The bone-implant contact (BIC) of
HA-coated zirconia was higher than the PRP coated one, and this was attributed to
the production of bone cells with attachment, and its proliferation matrix was better
than the PRP which has only limited time of effectiveness.
2.3 Hip and Knee Replacements
Hard tissues are damaged due to the cause of sudden accidents. In general, the usual
method adopted was the replacement of bone and tissues. The surgical substitution
of hard tissues with damaged artificial joint replacements is the common method
widely employed. Different endoprosthetic materials with different requirements
widely-used depend upon the place and regions where the implants were inserted.
Hip replacement generally refers to a surgical procedure, where a replacement of
a hip joint with a prosthetic or artificial implant is carried out. The replacement
surgery is performed by total or hemi (half) replacements depending on the patient’s
requirements. As part of the hip replacement, this joint replacement surgery is mainly
conducted to remove the arthritis pain or fix various physical joint damage. Knee
and hip joint diseases in patients as the average life expectancy have increased. One
of the major problems which have raised significantly was the hip revision surgeries
have also been increased. The metallic, polymeric, and composite implants are available and frequently used for knee and hip replacement surgeries as they possess a
promising load-bearing capacity. It should be noted that the metallic implants often
307
coated sample. Furthermore, the nano-octahedron CeO 2 coated Ti had the best properties compared with nanorod and nanocubes. The improved properties of nanooctahedron CeO 2 were mainly due to the smallest size with more crystalline planes
exposure exhibited the highest Ce
3+ value and strongest ROS scavenging capacity.
The ZnO and HAp nanoparticle coated grade 23 Ti discs were found to be effective
in resisting bacterial attachment and enhanced the osseointegration [21].
Ceramic dental implant market is consistently growing since ceramics possess
superior mechanical properties; in particular, zirconia is a good choice of implant
materials that can be attributed to its high excellent strength and fracture toughness. The surface modification of zirconia implants through various techniques are
carried out to increase the surface roughness and wettability through the nanoporous
surface formation. A selective infiltration etching (SIE) technique is used to fabricate
the nanoporous surface on zirconia implants. The hydroxyapatite derived from the
bones of the femoral head of white rabbits (V Spain) were prepared in the nanoscale
(100 nm) and coated with zirconia by immersion coating. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP)
coatings were also prepared onto porous zirconia by immersion technique [22]. The
SIE technique results in the porous surface formation with an average of 136.43 ±
2.76 nm of pore diameter, and the porosity was reduced about 9 and 4% for the HA,
and PRP coated surfaces respectively. The hybrid surfaces enhanced the new bone
formation of about 79.8% and 71% for the HA and PRP coated Zr, respectively, in
comparison with the uncoated surface (49%). The bone-implant contact (BIC) of
HA-coated zirconia was higher than the PRP coated one, and this was attributed to
the production of bone cells with attachment, and its proliferation matrix was better
than the PRP which has only limited time of effectiveness.
2.3 Hip and Knee Replacements
Hard tissues are damaged due to the cause of sudden accidents. In general, the usual
method adopted was the replacement of bone and tissues. The surgical substitution
of hard tissues with damaged artificial joint replacements is the common method
widely employed. Different endoprosthetic materials with different requirements
widely-used depend upon the place and regions where the implants were inserted.
Hip replacement generally refers to a surgical procedure, where a replacement of
a hip joint with a prosthetic or artificial implant is carried out. The replacement
surgery is performed by total or hemi (half) replacements depending on the patient’s
requirements. As part of the hip replacement, this joint replacement surgery is mainly
conducted to remove the arthritis pain or fix various physical joint damage. Knee
and hip joint diseases in patients as the average life expectancy have increased. One
of the major problems which have raised significantly was the hip revision surgeries
have also been increased. The metallic, polymeric, and composite implants are available and frequently used for knee and hip replacement surgeries as they possess a
promising load-bearing capacity. It should be noted that the metallic implants often