Nanomaterials for Medical Implants
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of these surfaces with titania gel in the SBF solution leads to the development of
thick layers, which is beneficial for apatite crystal deposition [6].
1.3.9 Chemical Vapor Deposition
Chemical vapor deposition is a method where the reaction occurs between the implant
surface and the presence of chemicals in the gas phases [7–11]. Due to the chemical reactions, non-volatile compound deposition takes place over the surface of the
implant. In this method, the metallic surface properties at their nanoscale level can be
modified. The nanoscale modification will alter the topography/chemistry over the
surface of the implant. Various methods are available for imparting these nanoscale
structures to the implant’s surface [6].
1.3.10 Sol-Gel Method
The sol-gel process is a common method practiced widely for the deposition of
CaP, TiO 2 , TiO-CaP composites, silica-based coatings over Ti implant surfaces. The
main process carried out in this method is the sol formation of submicroscopic oxide
particles with uniform suspension liquid by controlled hydrolysis and condensation. Different factors like sintering temperature, and chemical pre-treatment, surface
roughness will determine the adhesion of TiO 2 sol-gel coatings over the Ti implant
surface. The dual acid etching process on Ti implant surfaces (on the rat) leads
to bone healing with the enhanced mechanical interlocking of the bone of CaPO 4
nanoparticles deposition with 20–40 nm [6, 12, 13].
1.3.11 Combined Chemical Vapor Deposition with Sol-Gel Method
This is a combination of two methods and is widely used to improve the metallic
surface and its properties. Niobium oxide and carbon nano topography of diamondlike structures were deposited by this method. This method is mainly used for the
improvement of bioactivity for the implant materials [6].
Mechanical methods are widely used to modify the metal’s surface at its nanoscale
level. Various available mechanical methods are mechanical alloying, powder metallurgy, and plastic deformation. These methods are mainly employed to increase
surface roughness and surface morphological modifications on the surface of the
implant for HA formation. The functionalized coatings are widely used with a
combined synergistic effect of surface morphological changes with biomimetic CaP
coatings. The main goal was to achieve improved wear and corrosion resistance
with enhanced biocompatibility for the metals or alloys for bio-implant applications. Hence, by altering these changes over the implant’s surface, there will be an
interaction with the ions, cell tissues, and biomolecules. Thus, these interactions
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of these surfaces with titania gel in the SBF solution leads to the development of
thick layers, which is beneficial for apatite crystal deposition [6].
1.3.9 Chemical Vapor Deposition
Chemical vapor deposition is a method where the reaction occurs between the implant
surface and the presence of chemicals in the gas phases [7–11]. Due to the chemical reactions, non-volatile compound deposition takes place over the surface of the
implant. In this method, the metallic surface properties at their nanoscale level can be
modified. The nanoscale modification will alter the topography/chemistry over the
surface of the implant. Various methods are available for imparting these nanoscale
structures to the implant’s surface [6].
1.3.10 Sol-Gel Method
The sol-gel process is a common method practiced widely for the deposition of
CaP, TiO 2 , TiO-CaP composites, silica-based coatings over Ti implant surfaces. The
main process carried out in this method is the sol formation of submicroscopic oxide
particles with uniform suspension liquid by controlled hydrolysis and condensation. Different factors like sintering temperature, and chemical pre-treatment, surface
roughness will determine the adhesion of TiO 2 sol-gel coatings over the Ti implant
surface. The dual acid etching process on Ti implant surfaces (on the rat) leads
to bone healing with the enhanced mechanical interlocking of the bone of CaPO 4
nanoparticles deposition with 20–40 nm [6, 12, 13].
1.3.11 Combined Chemical Vapor Deposition with Sol-Gel Method
This is a combination of two methods and is widely used to improve the metallic
surface and its properties. Niobium oxide and carbon nano topography of diamondlike structures were deposited by this method. This method is mainly used for the
improvement of bioactivity for the implant materials [6].
Mechanical methods are widely used to modify the metal’s surface at its nanoscale
level. Various available mechanical methods are mechanical alloying, powder metallurgy, and plastic deformation. These methods are mainly employed to increase
surface roughness and surface morphological modifications on the surface of the
implant for HA formation. The functionalized coatings are widely used with a
combined synergistic effect of surface morphological changes with biomimetic CaP
coatings. The main goal was to achieve improved wear and corrosion resistance
with enhanced biocompatibility for the metals or alloys for bio-implant applications. Hence, by altering these changes over the implant’s surface, there will be an
interaction with the ions, cell tissues, and biomolecules. Thus, these interactions