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Y. Sasikumar et al.
significant difference when compared with the anodized surfaces. Hence, the combination of hydrothermal treatment (temperature, time duration, and tuning concentration) with NaOH has been used with unique nanostructures, which include nanorods,
nanoneedles, nanoflowers, and mesoporous nano scaffolds [6].
1.3.6 Acid Treatment
Acid treatment is widely used to clean the surface contamination and produce
a uniform oxide layer deposition over the implant surface. The acids normally
used were nitric acid (HNO 3 ), hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), and
hydrofluoric acid (HF). These acid treatments generally increase surface roughness
and increase the surface area, enhancing bone-implant contact. Takeuchi et al. [12]
have evaluated the influences of three acids, namely HCl, H 2 SO 4 , HF, and their
efficiency of the decontamination of Ti implant surfaces for the implant surface
modification method. The results showed that the HCl treatment possesses a strong
influence compared to other acids. A combination of strong bases or acids along
with oxidants should produce nano pit networks of pit diameter from 20–100 nm
effectively on Ti, Cr-Co-Mo, Ta alloys. Various parameters like surface topography,
wettability, roughness, and thickness of the protective oxide layer formation, are
easily controlled through the etching solution composition, temperature modulation,
and length of exposure.
1.3.7 Alkali Treatment
Alkali treatment is a method in which the Ti implant is immersed in either NaOH or
KOH followed by heat treatment in the range (600–800 °C) for 0.5–1 h and further
rinsed with distilled water. This treatment results in a nanostructured growth of bioactive sodium titanate layer on implant Ti surfaces. Further, the surfaces are immersed
in SBF (simulated body fluid) solution to become bioactive and calcium phosphate
formation. The sodium ions are released by the formation of Ti-OH through the ion
exchange process. However, the negatively charged Ti-OH reacts with positively
charged Ca
2+ ions from the SBF solution for the formation of the calcium titanate.
Thus, the apatite formation occurs from calcium titanate solution through calcium
and phosphate ions. This provides favorable conditions for osseointegration and cell
differentiation [6].
1.3.8 Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment
Hydrogen peroxide treatment is a method in which the Ti implant surface undergoes
oxidation and chemical dissolution. Ti peroxy gel formation occurs because of the
chemical reaction on the Ti surface and hydrogen peroxide solution. The immersion
Y. Sasikumar et al.
significant difference when compared with the anodized surfaces. Hence, the combination of hydrothermal treatment (temperature, time duration, and tuning concentration) with NaOH has been used with unique nanostructures, which include nanorods,
nanoneedles, nanoflowers, and mesoporous nano scaffolds [6].
1.3.6 Acid Treatment
Acid treatment is widely used to clean the surface contamination and produce
a uniform oxide layer deposition over the implant surface. The acids normally
used were nitric acid (HNO 3 ), hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), and
hydrofluoric acid (HF). These acid treatments generally increase surface roughness
and increase the surface area, enhancing bone-implant contact. Takeuchi et al. [12]
have evaluated the influences of three acids, namely HCl, H 2 SO 4 , HF, and their
efficiency of the decontamination of Ti implant surfaces for the implant surface
modification method. The results showed that the HCl treatment possesses a strong
influence compared to other acids. A combination of strong bases or acids along
with oxidants should produce nano pit networks of pit diameter from 20–100 nm
effectively on Ti, Cr-Co-Mo, Ta alloys. Various parameters like surface topography,
wettability, roughness, and thickness of the protective oxide layer formation, are
easily controlled through the etching solution composition, temperature modulation,
and length of exposure.
1.3.7 Alkali Treatment
Alkali treatment is a method in which the Ti implant is immersed in either NaOH or
KOH followed by heat treatment in the range (600–800 °C) for 0.5–1 h and further
rinsed with distilled water. This treatment results in a nanostructured growth of bioactive sodium titanate layer on implant Ti surfaces. Further, the surfaces are immersed
in SBF (simulated body fluid) solution to become bioactive and calcium phosphate
formation. The sodium ions are released by the formation of Ti-OH through the ion
exchange process. However, the negatively charged Ti-OH reacts with positively
charged Ca
2+ ions from the SBF solution for the formation of the calcium titanate.
Thus, the apatite formation occurs from calcium titanate solution through calcium
and phosphate ions. This provides favorable conditions for osseointegration and cell
differentiation [6].
1.3.8 Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment
Hydrogen peroxide treatment is a method in which the Ti implant surface undergoes
oxidation and chemical dissolution. Ti peroxy gel formation occurs because of the
chemical reaction on the Ti surface and hydrogen peroxide solution. The immersion