Nanomaterials for Medical Implants
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time. It significantly impacts the surgery cost as the overall population (> 65 years)
percentage expected to increase from 12.4% to 23% between the years 2000 and
2100 [3, 4].
1.2 Nano Surface Coatings Used for Implant Devices
The global medical device industries have shown significant growth in particular
for the past five years. The nanotechnology field has become widely unexplored
in biomedical devices for implant applications as the implant surface needs to be
carefully designed. Unfortunately, many biomedical implant devices triggered a
series of unwanted reactions during the biological processes, including inflammation, thrombosis, fibrosis, and various infections leading to implant rejection. At first,
the biocompatibility decided upon the hydrophilic coatings, but the adverse effects
did not subside significantly.
Abbott Cardiovascular Systems, Inc.’s invention pertains to the incorporation of
one or multiple nanobeads or nanocarriers in the same or separate layer of slurry
coated onto a medical device. The coating also serves for the customizable release of
therapeutic agents with nanobeads that construct a layer at outermost spheres with the
least thickness. Also, the innermost spheres will have a greater thickness to provide
a controlled or graduated release. The nanobead’s size would be approximately in
the range of 1–1000 nm [5].
Another category of nanocoatings on the biomedical devices is nanoporous structures, on which the matrix either holds the drug or, in some cases, it will be the
nanoparticles. Generally, the need for an additional surface area will meet the generating or coating nanostructures to medical devices. This may serve the desired amount
of therapeutic to incorporate and impart some additional properties for biomedical
devices [5].
1.3 Surface Treatments to Produce Nanostructures
on Medical Implant
Nanomaterials with more complex structures such as nanodots, nanotubes,
nanowires, nanorods, etc. can be fabricated through self-assembly and/or onedimensional concepts. The nanomaterials can be classified as nanoparticles,
nanofibers, nanocrystals, nanocoatings, etc. based on their form, structure, etc.
Various methods’ viz., physical, chemical, and mechanical methods are employed
to fabricate nanoscale features on the implant surfaces. Physical methods include
creating bioactive nano surface over the biocompatible implant surfaces with selfassembled monolayers of nanoparticle compaction. Plasma spraying, sputtering, and
ion implantation are also commonly used physical methods.
299
time. It significantly impacts the surgery cost as the overall population (> 65 years)
percentage expected to increase from 12.4% to 23% between the years 2000 and
2100 [3, 4].
1.2 Nano Surface Coatings Used for Implant Devices
The global medical device industries have shown significant growth in particular
for the past five years. The nanotechnology field has become widely unexplored
in biomedical devices for implant applications as the implant surface needs to be
carefully designed. Unfortunately, many biomedical implant devices triggered a
series of unwanted reactions during the biological processes, including inflammation, thrombosis, fibrosis, and various infections leading to implant rejection. At first,
the biocompatibility decided upon the hydrophilic coatings, but the adverse effects
did not subside significantly.
Abbott Cardiovascular Systems, Inc.’s invention pertains to the incorporation of
one or multiple nanobeads or nanocarriers in the same or separate layer of slurry
coated onto a medical device. The coating also serves for the customizable release of
therapeutic agents with nanobeads that construct a layer at outermost spheres with the
least thickness. Also, the innermost spheres will have a greater thickness to provide
a controlled or graduated release. The nanobead’s size would be approximately in
the range of 1–1000 nm [5].
Another category of nanocoatings on the biomedical devices is nanoporous structures, on which the matrix either holds the drug or, in some cases, it will be the
nanoparticles. Generally, the need for an additional surface area will meet the generating or coating nanostructures to medical devices. This may serve the desired amount
of therapeutic to incorporate and impart some additional properties for biomedical
devices [5].
1.3 Surface Treatments to Produce Nanostructures
on Medical Implant
Nanomaterials with more complex structures such as nanodots, nanotubes,
nanowires, nanorods, etc. can be fabricated through self-assembly and/or onedimensional concepts. The nanomaterials can be classified as nanoparticles,
nanofibers, nanocrystals, nanocoatings, etc. based on their form, structure, etc.
Various methods’ viz., physical, chemical, and mechanical methods are employed
to fabricate nanoscale features on the implant surfaces. Physical methods include
creating bioactive nano surface over the biocompatible implant surfaces with selfassembled monolayers of nanoparticle compaction. Plasma spraying, sputtering, and
ion implantation are also commonly used physical methods.