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Y. Sasikumar et al.
1 General Consideration of Usage of Nanomaterials
as Implant Devices
Nanotechnology is considered in various fields of science, integrating engineering
technology with biology, physics, and chemistry. Nanotechnology can be considered for the application of science that “steps across the limit” of miniaturization.
In general, if the dimensions of a piece of solid material become small, then its
chemical and physical properties will alter and become entirely different from the
same material on a large scale as bulk form. This research area can be described,
which limits on its new properties, and strategies to develop the properties with
controlled size [1]. Nanoscience is the study of materials at the atomic, molecular,
and macromolecular scales. Further, the properties of nanomaterials can be significantly different from that of the larger-scale materials. Nanotechnologies refer to the
application of systems, devices, and structures with proper design, production, and
characterization with controlled shape and size at their nanometer-scale. Generally,
the nanotechnology market was categorized into three sections, viz., (a) materials,
(b) devices, and (c) tools.
Nanomaterials can be described as the materials that consist of one or more components in the range of 1–100 nm of at least with one dimension, which includes
nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanotubes, nanocomposite materials, and nanostructured
surfaces. Nanoparticles (NP) are considered as single particles of less than 100 nm in
its diameter. Nanofibres are classified as a subclass of nanoparticles with two dimensions of less than (< 100 nm). However, their third dimension (axis) can be compared
with these particles [1, 2]. In this chapter, we discuss various nanomaterials, and their
technologies widely used in bio implantable devices.
1.1 Nanostructured Materials Used for Implant Devices
In the past decades, it can be seen that nanomaterials were given importance in
several implant applications, promoting the healing process, treating the fractures,
etc. It has been reported that about 7.7 million patients visit each year in the U.S
for orthopedic replacement surgery. Further, 600,000 joint replacement surgeries are
performed each year at the cost of 3 billion dollars. [3].
However, it can be seen that all the surgeries have not been successful, as under
certain conditions, the implants may fail, even well before their expected average
life span of about 10–15 years. The major reasons for the implant failures are due
to the stress-shielding effect, infection, tribo-corrosion, and wear debris (which lead
to the loosened implant material due to the osteolysis in the peri-implant region).
In addition to that, the implant material surface will not provide proper or suitable
characteristics that are essential for bone cell recruitment and its differentiation.
Thus, the failed implant materials will face several challenges resulting from revised
surgeries. Eventually, there is a drastic change in the cost, as well as for the recovery
Y. Sasikumar et al.
1 General Consideration of Usage of Nanomaterials
as Implant Devices
Nanotechnology is considered in various fields of science, integrating engineering
technology with biology, physics, and chemistry. Nanotechnology can be considered for the application of science that “steps across the limit” of miniaturization.
In general, if the dimensions of a piece of solid material become small, then its
chemical and physical properties will alter and become entirely different from the
same material on a large scale as bulk form. This research area can be described,
which limits on its new properties, and strategies to develop the properties with
controlled size [1]. Nanoscience is the study of materials at the atomic, molecular,
and macromolecular scales. Further, the properties of nanomaterials can be significantly different from that of the larger-scale materials. Nanotechnologies refer to the
application of systems, devices, and structures with proper design, production, and
characterization with controlled shape and size at their nanometer-scale. Generally,
the nanotechnology market was categorized into three sections, viz., (a) materials,
(b) devices, and (c) tools.
Nanomaterials can be described as the materials that consist of one or more components in the range of 1–100 nm of at least with one dimension, which includes
nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanotubes, nanocomposite materials, and nanostructured
surfaces. Nanoparticles (NP) are considered as single particles of less than 100 nm in
its diameter. Nanofibres are classified as a subclass of nanoparticles with two dimensions of less than (< 100 nm). However, their third dimension (axis) can be compared
with these particles [1, 2]. In this chapter, we discuss various nanomaterials, and their
technologies widely used in bio implantable devices.
1.1 Nanostructured Materials Used for Implant Devices
In the past decades, it can be seen that nanomaterials were given importance in
several implant applications, promoting the healing process, treating the fractures,
etc. It has been reported that about 7.7 million patients visit each year in the U.S
for orthopedic replacement surgery. Further, 600,000 joint replacement surgeries are
performed each year at the cost of 3 billion dollars. [3].
However, it can be seen that all the surgeries have not been successful, as under
certain conditions, the implants may fail, even well before their expected average
life span of about 10–15 years. The major reasons for the implant failures are due
to the stress-shielding effect, infection, tribo-corrosion, and wear debris (which lead
to the loosened implant material due to the osteolysis in the peri-implant region).
In addition to that, the implant material surface will not provide proper or suitable
characteristics that are essential for bone cell recruitment and its differentiation.
Thus, the failed implant materials will face several challenges resulting from revised
surgeries. Eventually, there is a drastic change in the cost, as well as for the recovery