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A. S. Shinde et al.
dressings, which are efficient in the even diffusion of the drug and play an integral
part in the management of chronic wounds [85]. AgNPs, even used for a prolonged
time, do not create any obstacles. The combination of AgNPs and collagen is a fitting
component for wound dressing, giving it an intense antibacterial activity [86].
AgNPs show a wide range of anti-microbial activity, effectively disturbing the
quorum sensing, which results in reduced formation of biofilms and detoxifying
bacterial toxins [87]. Under in vivo conditions, AgNPs do not possess any of
its biological functions. Thus the acidic environment facilitates the oxidization of
AgNPs into Ag ions, which are then responsible for damaging cell wall and DNA
and inhibits the synthesis of ATPs, thus resulting in ROS generation giving its
antimicrobial properties [88].
In in vitro studies, the treatment of AgNPs using human dermal fibroblast
and keratinocytes remarkably reduced the levels of oxidative stress, inflammatory
cytokines, and thus promoted healing [89]. While in in vivo studies, mice with burn
wounds was used to demonstrate that when AgNPs applied topically, there were
reduced counts of neutrophils and Interleukin (IL)-6 levels. This also helped to
elevate the levels of TGF-β, IL-10, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [90]. These findings have supported the prospective of
AgNPs in anti-microbial activity and boosting the healing of the wound.
Wound dressings that are made up of biocompatible cellulose- AgNPs often
results in secure attachments and proliferation of keratinocytes at the fringe of the
wounds. AgNPs, when integrated with poly (dopamine methacrylamide-co-methyl
methacrylate) (MADO) nanofiber and used in the dressing of the injuries, is found
to have effectively inhibited the growth of microbes in vitro, such as P. aeruginosa,
E. coli, and S. aureus [91]. When MADO-AgNPs were applied to in vivo studies
to partial-thickness cutaneous wounds, the treatment resulted in complete wound
healing within two weeks with an increase in epithelization as compared to the
incomplete healing in the untreated group [92].
14 Gold Nanoparticles
AuNPs are used in targeted drug delivery, tissue engineering, and wound healing
due to its biocompatibility properties. AuNPs, when embodied with various other
biomolecules, can be effectively used in biomedical applications. AuNPs, when
crosslinked with collagen, can be easily incorporated at the surface with different
biomolecules such as peptized, polysaccharides, cell adhesion molecules, and growth
factors. This modified version of AuNPs consists of properties like biodegradability
and biocompatibility, which thus can be used in the healing of wounds [93].
Vancomycin (anti-microbial drug)-mediated AuNPs have increased activity
against vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) by 50-fold. It also showed remarkable activity against a gram-negative bacterium, E. coli, where vancomycin usually
is ineffective [94]. AuNPs can be used for photothermal therapy [95] or photodynamic therapy [96], where they are conjugated with pathogen-specific antibodies and
A. S. Shinde et al.
dressings, which are efficient in the even diffusion of the drug and play an integral
part in the management of chronic wounds [85]. AgNPs, even used for a prolonged
time, do not create any obstacles. The combination of AgNPs and collagen is a fitting
component for wound dressing, giving it an intense antibacterial activity [86].
AgNPs show a wide range of anti-microbial activity, effectively disturbing the
quorum sensing, which results in reduced formation of biofilms and detoxifying
bacterial toxins [87]. Under in vivo conditions, AgNPs do not possess any of
its biological functions. Thus the acidic environment facilitates the oxidization of
AgNPs into Ag ions, which are then responsible for damaging cell wall and DNA
and inhibits the synthesis of ATPs, thus resulting in ROS generation giving its
antimicrobial properties [88].
In in vitro studies, the treatment of AgNPs using human dermal fibroblast
and keratinocytes remarkably reduced the levels of oxidative stress, inflammatory
cytokines, and thus promoted healing [89]. While in in vivo studies, mice with burn
wounds was used to demonstrate that when AgNPs applied topically, there were
reduced counts of neutrophils and Interleukin (IL)-6 levels. This also helped to
elevate the levels of TGF-β, IL-10, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [90]. These findings have supported the prospective of
AgNPs in anti-microbial activity and boosting the healing of the wound.
Wound dressings that are made up of biocompatible cellulose- AgNPs often
results in secure attachments and proliferation of keratinocytes at the fringe of the
wounds. AgNPs, when integrated with poly (dopamine methacrylamide-co-methyl
methacrylate) (MADO) nanofiber and used in the dressing of the injuries, is found
to have effectively inhibited the growth of microbes in vitro, such as P. aeruginosa,
E. coli, and S. aureus [91]. When MADO-AgNPs were applied to in vivo studies
to partial-thickness cutaneous wounds, the treatment resulted in complete wound
healing within two weeks with an increase in epithelization as compared to the
incomplete healing in the untreated group [92].
14 Gold Nanoparticles
AuNPs are used in targeted drug delivery, tissue engineering, and wound healing
due to its biocompatibility properties. AuNPs, when embodied with various other
biomolecules, can be effectively used in biomedical applications. AuNPs, when
crosslinked with collagen, can be easily incorporated at the surface with different
biomolecules such as peptized, polysaccharides, cell adhesion molecules, and growth
factors. This modified version of AuNPs consists of properties like biodegradability
and biocompatibility, which thus can be used in the healing of wounds [93].
Vancomycin (anti-microbial drug)-mediated AuNPs have increased activity
against vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) by 50-fold. It also showed remarkable activity against a gram-negative bacterium, E. coli, where vancomycin usually
is ineffective [94]. AuNPs can be used for photothermal therapy [95] or photodynamic therapy [96], where they are conjugated with pathogen-specific antibodies and