272
A. S. Shinde et al.
are mixed with the cationic lipids, which lead to the shaping of lipoplexes where the
process is navigated by electrostatic interactions [73]. Such complexes can enter the
infected cells by infusion with the endosome of the plasma membrane. For example, a
plasmid, Allovectin-7 contains a gene for major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
antigen HLA-B7 along with B2 microglobulin together formulated with cytofectin
[74]. The unloading of the gene from nanoliposomes is decided by the nature lipid
composition, which controls the means of release, Nanoliposome doping with neutral
lipid-like 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) which is useful
in endosomal membrane fusion. It helps to recognize and destabilize the phospholipids using the flip flop mechanism and paves the way for nanoliposomes to integrate
with the membrane and release the nucleic acid into the cytoplasm [75].
12 Nanoparticle Therapy in Wound Healing
Wound healing is problematic for which wound management is necessary. When
a biomaterial is embedded or incorporated into nanoparticles, it can be utilized
as a potential wound dressing material. Nanotechnology propounds different new
approaches for regenerative medicine. Nanomaterials help in burn treatments and
enhance delayed wound healing. Nanoparticles help to deliver external substances
that are persistently produced at the site of injury. Nitric acid (NO), is one of such
endogenous molecules with the half-life in seconds. In diabetic wounds or ulcers,
i.e., delayed or non-healing wounds, NO is generated in lower concentrations. Thus,
the exogenous delivery of NO at the site of injury is promising therapy. But due to the
lack of delivery material, its practical application is limited. The causes of delayed
healing of the wound in diabetes as observed are wound dehiscence, prolonged
inflammation, increased oxidative stress, impaired immune system, redox imbalance,
growth factors degradation, reduced blood flow, sustained infection, and impaired
macrophage activity. Blecher et al. found out that the NO-releasing nanoparticles
(diazeniumdiolate) hastened the closure of the wound in diabetic mice along with
few inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, increased blood vessels, and organized collagen
content [76]. In another study, it was confirmed that NO-NPs treatment in mice
increased wound healing and an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines and various
growth factors (mainly TGF-β). There was also increased collagen expression along
with accelerated migration and proliferation of fibroblasts [77]. Topical application of
PLGA containing recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) NPs showed
accelerated wound closure, the improved proliferation of fibroblast, and increased
epithelization in diabetic mice in vivo [78].
Bioactive plant component-based NPs have been used due to its properties like
anti-microbial and wound healing. Curcumin (the active compound of turmeric)
has anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-oxidant properties [79]. Curcumin,
when topically applied, has resulted in enhanced re-epithelization, increased collagen
deposition, fibroblast proliferation, and different growth factors in diabetic rats [80].
Due to its low water solubility and poor bioavailability, curcumin has limited its
A. S. Shinde et al.
are mixed with the cationic lipids, which lead to the shaping of lipoplexes where the
process is navigated by electrostatic interactions [73]. Such complexes can enter the
infected cells by infusion with the endosome of the plasma membrane. For example, a
plasmid, Allovectin-7 contains a gene for major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
antigen HLA-B7 along with B2 microglobulin together formulated with cytofectin
[74]. The unloading of the gene from nanoliposomes is decided by the nature lipid
composition, which controls the means of release, Nanoliposome doping with neutral
lipid-like 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) which is useful
in endosomal membrane fusion. It helps to recognize and destabilize the phospholipids using the flip flop mechanism and paves the way for nanoliposomes to integrate
with the membrane and release the nucleic acid into the cytoplasm [75].
12 Nanoparticle Therapy in Wound Healing
Wound healing is problematic for which wound management is necessary. When
a biomaterial is embedded or incorporated into nanoparticles, it can be utilized
as a potential wound dressing material. Nanotechnology propounds different new
approaches for regenerative medicine. Nanomaterials help in burn treatments and
enhance delayed wound healing. Nanoparticles help to deliver external substances
that are persistently produced at the site of injury. Nitric acid (NO), is one of such
endogenous molecules with the half-life in seconds. In diabetic wounds or ulcers,
i.e., delayed or non-healing wounds, NO is generated in lower concentrations. Thus,
the exogenous delivery of NO at the site of injury is promising therapy. But due to the
lack of delivery material, its practical application is limited. The causes of delayed
healing of the wound in diabetes as observed are wound dehiscence, prolonged
inflammation, increased oxidative stress, impaired immune system, redox imbalance,
growth factors degradation, reduced blood flow, sustained infection, and impaired
macrophage activity. Blecher et al. found out that the NO-releasing nanoparticles
(diazeniumdiolate) hastened the closure of the wound in diabetic mice along with
few inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, increased blood vessels, and organized collagen
content [76]. In another study, it was confirmed that NO-NPs treatment in mice
increased wound healing and an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines and various
growth factors (mainly TGF-β). There was also increased collagen expression along
with accelerated migration and proliferation of fibroblasts [77]. Topical application of
PLGA containing recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) NPs showed
accelerated wound closure, the improved proliferation of fibroblast, and increased
epithelization in diabetic mice in vivo [78].
Bioactive plant component-based NPs have been used due to its properties like
anti-microbial and wound healing. Curcumin (the active compound of turmeric)
has anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-oxidant properties [79]. Curcumin,
when topically applied, has resulted in enhanced re-epithelization, increased collagen
deposition, fibroblast proliferation, and different growth factors in diabetic rats [80].
Due to its low water solubility and poor bioavailability, curcumin has limited its