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A. S. Shinde et al.
nature of nanoparticles, i.e., minimal change in a single property can change the
pharmacokinetics of the particle. For example, there is a common issue of maintaining a narrow size distribution profile of the nanoparticles. The desired particle
size should be below 200 nm for most applications. In the normal broad distribution
of sizes, often, the desired average size particles are too limited to be useful. Thus,
the manufacturing process of the nanoparticles should be ensured to maintain the
desired narrow size distribution.
There are also many unique challenges faced during the production stage of
nanoparticles. Often lab level protocols for the synthesis of particles do not work in
factory settings, which needs to rework on the protocols. In industries, there should
be fewer variations in nanoparticle structure, the higher yield required, and sterile
synthesis is a must. The particles need to be shelf-stable, i.e., it should not degrade
in solution and not clump over some time.
Finally, as compared to small molecules, nanoparticles face extra regulatory challenges as it is difficult to determine their toxicity. Which ultimately increases the cost
and duration of clinical trials. All these challenges combined develops a more prudent
attitude towards questions of reproducibility and scalability even at the earlier stage
of development so as to prevent failure at a later stage.
3 Overview of Nanomaterials in Drug Delivery System
The most important part of the nano carrier-based drug delivery system is the
sustained drug release from the nanoparticles. Polymer-coated nanoparticles, the
drug is released either by controlled diffusion or erosion from the core of the carrier
to the matrix or polymeric membrane. The polymeric layer around the nanoparticles
acts as a physical barrier for the drug release. Thus, the regulating factor in drug
release is solubility and diffusivity of a drug across the polymer membrane. Furthermore, due to the ionic interactions between auxiliary ingredients and the drug can
affect its release rate. Supplemental components are co-polymers, which reduces
the interaction of the drug with its matrix material due to electrostatic competitive interaction, helping to achieve increased drug release [15]. But when the drug is
involved in an interaction with the auxiliary ingredients, they form less water-soluble
complexes. Thus causes drug release very slow along with the no burst release effect
[16]. Drug release and biodegradation of polymer are the most prime consideration
factors in the development of a successful nanoparticulate system. Generally, the
rate of drug release depends upon—drug solubility, desorption of the absorbed drug
from the surface, diffusion through a matrix, degradation of the array, and combination of diffusion and erosion process [17]. While nanoparticles provide targeted
drug delivery, thus enhancing the uptake of poorly soluble drug and bioavailability.
Nanoengineered devices mainly aim to lessen the side effects and increase the
potency of treatment. Nanoparticles may be composed of a different substance such
as inorganic nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, protein nanoparticles, carbonbased nanoparticles, and lipid-based nanoparticles. These are useful as a carrier for
A. S. Shinde et al.
nature of nanoparticles, i.e., minimal change in a single property can change the
pharmacokinetics of the particle. For example, there is a common issue of maintaining a narrow size distribution profile of the nanoparticles. The desired particle
size should be below 200 nm for most applications. In the normal broad distribution
of sizes, often, the desired average size particles are too limited to be useful. Thus,
the manufacturing process of the nanoparticles should be ensured to maintain the
desired narrow size distribution.
There are also many unique challenges faced during the production stage of
nanoparticles. Often lab level protocols for the synthesis of particles do not work in
factory settings, which needs to rework on the protocols. In industries, there should
be fewer variations in nanoparticle structure, the higher yield required, and sterile
synthesis is a must. The particles need to be shelf-stable, i.e., it should not degrade
in solution and not clump over some time.
Finally, as compared to small molecules, nanoparticles face extra regulatory challenges as it is difficult to determine their toxicity. Which ultimately increases the cost
and duration of clinical trials. All these challenges combined develops a more prudent
attitude towards questions of reproducibility and scalability even at the earlier stage
of development so as to prevent failure at a later stage.
3 Overview of Nanomaterials in Drug Delivery System
The most important part of the nano carrier-based drug delivery system is the
sustained drug release from the nanoparticles. Polymer-coated nanoparticles, the
drug is released either by controlled diffusion or erosion from the core of the carrier
to the matrix or polymeric membrane. The polymeric layer around the nanoparticles
acts as a physical barrier for the drug release. Thus, the regulating factor in drug
release is solubility and diffusivity of a drug across the polymer membrane. Furthermore, due to the ionic interactions between auxiliary ingredients and the drug can
affect its release rate. Supplemental components are co-polymers, which reduces
the interaction of the drug with its matrix material due to electrostatic competitive interaction, helping to achieve increased drug release [15]. But when the drug is
involved in an interaction with the auxiliary ingredients, they form less water-soluble
complexes. Thus causes drug release very slow along with the no burst release effect
[16]. Drug release and biodegradation of polymer are the most prime consideration
factors in the development of a successful nanoparticulate system. Generally, the
rate of drug release depends upon—drug solubility, desorption of the absorbed drug
from the surface, diffusion through a matrix, degradation of the array, and combination of diffusion and erosion process [17]. While nanoparticles provide targeted
drug delivery, thus enhancing the uptake of poorly soluble drug and bioavailability.
Nanoengineered devices mainly aim to lessen the side effects and increase the
potency of treatment. Nanoparticles may be composed of a different substance such
as inorganic nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, protein nanoparticles, carbonbased nanoparticles, and lipid-based nanoparticles. These are useful as a carrier for