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A. S. Shinde et al.
Keywords Nanomaterials · Drug delivery · Targeted nanomedicine ·
Immune-compatibility · Wound healing therapy
1 Introduction
The first-generation era made use of the simplest mechanisms of nanotechnology
for the controlled release of the drug. Most of the formulations used for the drug
delivery were either oral or transdermal administration. The stability and effectivity
are found low in these delivery systems [1]. The first gold particle was synthesized
in nanometre-scale by Michael Faraday, about more than 150 years ago [2]. These
colloidal gold particles conjugated with antibodies for target-specific staining known
to be as immune gold staining. The study of immune gold staining is pioneering
for most of the recent gold particles application using nanotechnology. Polymer
micelles and liposomes were first prepared in the 1960s with first-ever referred to
as nanoparticles in 2000 [3]. In the 1970s, scientists synthesized for the first time
the dendrimers and NPs without its known use in nanotechnological applications
[4]. The 1980s period reported to successfully synthesize and develop micelles as
drug delivery systems [5]. While in the 1990s, Kataoka invented block co-polymers
of Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-polylysine [6]. Conventional formulations, suspension, or emulsion drug preparations have definite limitations tagged with them like
instability, high dose-low availability, intolerance, first-pass effect, fluctuations in
the levels of plasma drug, lacking in sustained impact, etc. Thus, there is a need for
advanced drug delivery carrier systems to meet the ideal requirements. In the second
generation, the era of modern nanotechnology, the use of nano-drug delivery systems
began all with the launch of the Nation nanotechnology initiative by the United States
[7]. It was the world’s first program in the fields of nanotechnology. Various new
methods were introduced as drug delivery systems among which nanotechnological
approaches were found to be more efficient [1].
The nanomaterials have dimensions in nanoscale, which enables them to reach
inaccessible areas like cancer cells or inflamed tissues. This property is achievable
due to the high permeability and retention effect of the nanoparticles [8]. The nanomaterials should be safe, soluble, bioavailable as well as biocompatible. They should
not rupture the blood vessels and be less invasive. The toxicity of nanomaterials associated with drug delivery should be very low so that in safe concentrations, they are
usable in target-specific diseased tissues [9]. The nanomaterials protect drugs from
hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract and also helps to
bypass from the metabolism in the liver. Nanoparticles coated with hydrophilic polymers remain in circulation for a longer time. Thus, they are also suitable for short
half-lived drugs to enhance its efficacy and to maintain its sustained drug release
formulations as well as for DNA delivery [10]. The rapid clearance and metabolism
cause premature loss of drug, which is easy to prevent. The bio-adhesion increases
retention of the nanoparticles used in drug delivery [11].
A. S. Shinde et al.
Keywords Nanomaterials · Drug delivery · Targeted nanomedicine ·
Immune-compatibility · Wound healing therapy
1 Introduction
The first-generation era made use of the simplest mechanisms of nanotechnology
for the controlled release of the drug. Most of the formulations used for the drug
delivery were either oral or transdermal administration. The stability and effectivity
are found low in these delivery systems [1]. The first gold particle was synthesized
in nanometre-scale by Michael Faraday, about more than 150 years ago [2]. These
colloidal gold particles conjugated with antibodies for target-specific staining known
to be as immune gold staining. The study of immune gold staining is pioneering
for most of the recent gold particles application using nanotechnology. Polymer
micelles and liposomes were first prepared in the 1960s with first-ever referred to
as nanoparticles in 2000 [3]. In the 1970s, scientists synthesized for the first time
the dendrimers and NPs without its known use in nanotechnological applications
[4]. The 1980s period reported to successfully synthesize and develop micelles as
drug delivery systems [5]. While in the 1990s, Kataoka invented block co-polymers
of Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-polylysine [6]. Conventional formulations, suspension, or emulsion drug preparations have definite limitations tagged with them like
instability, high dose-low availability, intolerance, first-pass effect, fluctuations in
the levels of plasma drug, lacking in sustained impact, etc. Thus, there is a need for
advanced drug delivery carrier systems to meet the ideal requirements. In the second
generation, the era of modern nanotechnology, the use of nano-drug delivery systems
began all with the launch of the Nation nanotechnology initiative by the United States
[7]. It was the world’s first program in the fields of nanotechnology. Various new
methods were introduced as drug delivery systems among which nanotechnological
approaches were found to be more efficient [1].
The nanomaterials have dimensions in nanoscale, which enables them to reach
inaccessible areas like cancer cells or inflamed tissues. This property is achievable
due to the high permeability and retention effect of the nanoparticles [8]. The nanomaterials should be safe, soluble, bioavailable as well as biocompatible. They should
not rupture the blood vessels and be less invasive. The toxicity of nanomaterials associated with drug delivery should be very low so that in safe concentrations, they are
usable in target-specific diseased tissues [9]. The nanomaterials protect drugs from
hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract and also helps to
bypass from the metabolism in the liver. Nanoparticles coated with hydrophilic polymers remain in circulation for a longer time. Thus, they are also suitable for short
half-lived drugs to enhance its efficacy and to maintain its sustained drug release
formulations as well as for DNA delivery [10]. The rapid clearance and metabolism
cause premature loss of drug, which is easy to prevent. The bio-adhesion increases
retention of the nanoparticles used in drug delivery [11].