14
T. K. Barik et al.
and nanoscale. New branches of electronics are also creating new sources of occupational exposure hazard. The circumstances produce new challenges for both classical
toxicology and nanotoxicology. Though nanotechnology improves the living standard, a simultaneous increase in water and air pollution has also occurred. As the
origin of this pollution lies in nanomaterials hence termed “Nanopollution.” Nanopollution is exceptionally lethal to both underwater flora and fauna and organisms living
on soil. The pollutants can enter the human body in multiple ways. Cellular mechanisms can get affected by nanomaterial toxicity, which mainly comprises reactive
oxygen species generation and genotoxicity [153–155]. The nanoparticle’s exposure
on humans can occur accidentally by environmental particles (e.g., air pollution)
and intentionally because of a variety of consumer products, cosmetics, and medical
products containing nanoparticles. The release of nanoparticles during the manufacturing process may result in exposure to workers via dermal, oral, and inhalation
routes. Exposure to air pollutants, such as ultrafine particles, is known to cause
inflammatory airway diseases and cardiovascular problems in humans [156]. Pope
et al. [157] stated that even low levels of ambient nanoparticle exposure have a
significant effect on mortality. To decrease nano pollution, scientists and researchers
used nanotechnology to develop nanofilters, eliminating almost all airborne particles
[158].
7 Social-economic Disruption Due to Rapid Use
of Nanotechnology
As the speed of nanotechnology development is growing, as a consequence,
the job opportunities are decreasing, arising the problem of unemployment in
fields like industrial sector, manufacturing, and traditional farming [159, 160].
Nanotechnology-based devices and machines have replaced humans to furnish the
job more rapidly and efficiently, which has pointed out the importance of human
resources in practical work. Increasing growth and instant performance of nanotechnology have compromised the worth of commodities like diamond and oil. As an
alternative technology, i.e., Nanotechnology has a detrimental effect on demand as
substitutes have more efficiency and do not need fossil fuels. Diamonds are losing the
worth due to greater availability from nanotechnology-based fabrication methods.
Currently, manufacturing companies are equipped to produce the bulk of these
products at a molecular scale, followed by disintegration to create new components.
At present, nanotechnology involves high investment technologies, raising the
cost daily. The high price is the result of intricate molecular structure and processing
charges of the product. The whole process makes it difficult for manufacturers to
produce dynamic products using nanotechnology randomly. Currently, it is an unaffordable business owing to the massive pricing of nanotechnology-based machines.
Hence, nanotechnology can also bring financial risks as manufacturers have to invest
a large sum of money for setting up nanotech plants. The manufacturers have to
T. K. Barik et al.
and nanoscale. New branches of electronics are also creating new sources of occupational exposure hazard. The circumstances produce new challenges for both classical
toxicology and nanotoxicology. Though nanotechnology improves the living standard, a simultaneous increase in water and air pollution has also occurred. As the
origin of this pollution lies in nanomaterials hence termed “Nanopollution.” Nanopollution is exceptionally lethal to both underwater flora and fauna and organisms living
on soil. The pollutants can enter the human body in multiple ways. Cellular mechanisms can get affected by nanomaterial toxicity, which mainly comprises reactive
oxygen species generation and genotoxicity [153–155]. The nanoparticle’s exposure
on humans can occur accidentally by environmental particles (e.g., air pollution)
and intentionally because of a variety of consumer products, cosmetics, and medical
products containing nanoparticles. The release of nanoparticles during the manufacturing process may result in exposure to workers via dermal, oral, and inhalation
routes. Exposure to air pollutants, such as ultrafine particles, is known to cause
inflammatory airway diseases and cardiovascular problems in humans [156]. Pope
et al. [157] stated that even low levels of ambient nanoparticle exposure have a
significant effect on mortality. To decrease nano pollution, scientists and researchers
used nanotechnology to develop nanofilters, eliminating almost all airborne particles
[158].
7 Social-economic Disruption Due to Rapid Use
of Nanotechnology
As the speed of nanotechnology development is growing, as a consequence,
the job opportunities are decreasing, arising the problem of unemployment in
fields like industrial sector, manufacturing, and traditional farming [159, 160].
Nanotechnology-based devices and machines have replaced humans to furnish the
job more rapidly and efficiently, which has pointed out the importance of human
resources in practical work. Increasing growth and instant performance of nanotechnology have compromised the worth of commodities like diamond and oil. As an
alternative technology, i.e., Nanotechnology has a detrimental effect on demand as
substitutes have more efficiency and do not need fossil fuels. Diamonds are losing the
worth due to greater availability from nanotechnology-based fabrication methods.
Currently, manufacturing companies are equipped to produce the bulk of these
products at a molecular scale, followed by disintegration to create new components.
At present, nanotechnology involves high investment technologies, raising the
cost daily. The high price is the result of intricate molecular structure and processing
charges of the product. The whole process makes it difficult for manufacturers to
produce dynamic products using nanotechnology randomly. Currently, it is an unaffordable business owing to the massive pricing of nanotechnology-based machines.
Hence, nanotechnology can also bring financial risks as manufacturers have to invest
a large sum of money for setting up nanotech plants. The manufacturers have to