164
Jyotsna et al.
COOH functionalized cisplatin loaded MWCNTs were evaluated for their efficacy
on MDA-MB-231 cells for breast cancer therapy. The developed formulations significantly decreased the cell viability after 48 h in contrast to the MWCNTs-COOH.
This formulation inhibited the expression of caspase-3 activity and increased expression of procaspase-3 [37]. Doxorubicin loaded MWCNTs were evaluated for the cell
inhibition study of HeLa-HFAR cells. This treatment significantly decreased tumour
growth by 88.7% compared to the cells treated with free drug [38].
3.3 CNTs in Tissue Engineering
Carbon nanotubes have recently been developed for tissue engineering and regenerative medicines. For tissue engineering, the cells are encapsulated into biocompatible
materials for the development of new tissues. They have been utilized as scaffolds
for bone tissue engineering and for rejuvenating the neural system. It has to gain
promising development in the field of neurosurgery, osteology and cardiology. These
CNTs stimulate the cells electrically and aid in osteogenic differentiation of cells and
their proliferation. Mostly the multiwalled CNTs were used as the substrate for the
development of myoblast by electrical stimulation [39].
Tissue rejuvenation by CNTs takes place employing magnetic resonance and
radiotracer contrast agents [40]. These CNTs improve the scaffold properties
by enhancing their mechanical properties during bone and cartilage engineering.
Scaffolds developed using polyester-CNTs were used for cardiac tissue engineering.
The cells showed compaction of tissues around the scaffold [41]. These constructs
revealed functional enhancement and did not show any cytotoxicity to the cells.
The porous scaffold developed from collagen, MWCNTs, chitosan and hydroxyapatite was used for bone tissue engineering. This porous structure with high strength,
greater in vitro activity, and pore volume showed more biocompatibility and enhanced
biomineralization ability [42].
3.4 CNTS in Vaccine Delivery
CNTs have unique properties of low toxicity and in vivo stability and can attach
multiple antigen copies, making them useful in vaccine delivery during cancer
therapy and infectious disease. The hollow structure of CNTs allows the conjugation
of multiple antigens at the same time without changing its structural conformation
and it encourages antibody response with specificity [43]. MWCNTs were covalently
attached with an immune–stimulatory drug (Lentinan) and the studies confirmed
that this conjugate enhanced the accumulation of Lentinan in the dendritic cells and
boosted humoral as well as cellular immunity [44]. Cytosine phosphate guanine
oligodeoxynucleotide and anti-CD40 were conjugated on MWCNTs and antigen
Jyotsna et al.
COOH functionalized cisplatin loaded MWCNTs were evaluated for their efficacy
on MDA-MB-231 cells for breast cancer therapy. The developed formulations significantly decreased the cell viability after 48 h in contrast to the MWCNTs-COOH.
This formulation inhibited the expression of caspase-3 activity and increased expression of procaspase-3 [37]. Doxorubicin loaded MWCNTs were evaluated for the cell
inhibition study of HeLa-HFAR cells. This treatment significantly decreased tumour
growth by 88.7% compared to the cells treated with free drug [38].
3.3 CNTs in Tissue Engineering
Carbon nanotubes have recently been developed for tissue engineering and regenerative medicines. For tissue engineering, the cells are encapsulated into biocompatible
materials for the development of new tissues. They have been utilized as scaffolds
for bone tissue engineering and for rejuvenating the neural system. It has to gain
promising development in the field of neurosurgery, osteology and cardiology. These
CNTs stimulate the cells electrically and aid in osteogenic differentiation of cells and
their proliferation. Mostly the multiwalled CNTs were used as the substrate for the
development of myoblast by electrical stimulation [39].
Tissue rejuvenation by CNTs takes place employing magnetic resonance and
radiotracer contrast agents [40]. These CNTs improve the scaffold properties
by enhancing their mechanical properties during bone and cartilage engineering.
Scaffolds developed using polyester-CNTs were used for cardiac tissue engineering.
The cells showed compaction of tissues around the scaffold [41]. These constructs
revealed functional enhancement and did not show any cytotoxicity to the cells.
The porous scaffold developed from collagen, MWCNTs, chitosan and hydroxyapatite was used for bone tissue engineering. This porous structure with high strength,
greater in vitro activity, and pore volume showed more biocompatibility and enhanced
biomineralization ability [42].
3.4 CNTS in Vaccine Delivery
CNTs have unique properties of low toxicity and in vivo stability and can attach
multiple antigen copies, making them useful in vaccine delivery during cancer
therapy and infectious disease. The hollow structure of CNTs allows the conjugation
of multiple antigens at the same time without changing its structural conformation
and it encourages antibody response with specificity [43]. MWCNTs were covalently
attached with an immune–stimulatory drug (Lentinan) and the studies confirmed
that this conjugate enhanced the accumulation of Lentinan in the dendritic cells and
boosted humoral as well as cellular immunity [44]. Cytosine phosphate guanine
oligodeoxynucleotide and anti-CD40 were conjugated on MWCNTs and antigen