6
T. K. Barik et al.
also used in various consumer products, including cosmetics, food, and food packaging. The nanomaterials having potential uses in cosmetics include nanosilver,
nanogold, nanoemulsions, nanocapsules, nanocrystals, dendrimers, fullerenes, liposomes, hydrogels, and solid lipid nanoparticles. Smaller the size, corresponding to
the higher surface area of nanomaterials offer greater strength, stability, chemical,
physical, and biological activity. Nanomaterials present in the human environment
can be primarily classified into four categories: carbon-based nanomaterials, metalbased nanomaterials, dendrimers, and composites. The carbon-based nanomaterials
(fullerenes and nanotubes) are employed in thin films, coatings, and electronics.
The metal-based nanomaterials (i.e., nanosilver, nanogold, and metal oxides (i.e.,
titanium dioxide (TiO 2 )) are useful for food, cosmetics, and drug-related products.
The dendrimers are nano-polymers, an ideal candidate for drug delivery. Composites
such as nanoclays are formed with a combination of nanoparticles with other nanosize
or larger particles. Many beverage bottles are made up of plastics with nanoclays. The
nanoclay reinforcement increases permeation resistance to oxygen, carbon dioxide,
moisture, and thus retaining carbonation, pressure with increased shelf life by several
months. Nanoclays are also being used in packaging materials.
Different classes of nanomaterials are composed of nanoparticles with different
shape, size, and chemistry and biology. Nanotechnology helps to improve vehicle
fuel efficiency and corrosion resistance by building vehicle parts from DiamondLike-Nanocomposite (DLN) materials that are lighter, stronger, and more chemically
resistant than metal [84–88]. The DLN film exhibits biocompatibility in nature, which
has potential applications as a coating material for biomedical purposes [89, 90].
A few nanometers wide water filters can remove nanosized particles, including
virtually all viruses and bacteria, which can revolutionize the water filtration method.
These cost-effective, portable water-treatment systems are ideal for the improvement
of drinking water quality in developing countries. Nowadays, most sunscreens also
contain nanoparticles for effective absorption of light, including the more dangerous
ultraviolet range and passing the other wavelengths, which is healthy for the skin.
Recently, nanosensors can be programmed to detect a particular chemical at low
levels, such as a single-molecule detection, out of billions of molecules. This capability is ideal for security systems and surveillance at labs, industrial sites, and
airports. In medical science, the detection of single biomolecules has tremendous
DNA/RNA sequencing and disease analysis applications. The nanobiosensors can
be used to precisely identify particular cells or substances in the body for different
diagnostics purposes. Current research is focused on preparing the smaller, highly
sensitive, and cost-efficient biosensors. The new biosensors are updated to even
detect odors specific diseases for medical diagnosis, pollutant detection, and gas
leaks for environmental protection. Figure 1 shows the technological tsunami that
occurs due to nanotechnology in energy storage, defense & security, metallurgy &
materials, electronics, optical engineering & communication, biomedical & drug
delivery, agriculture & food, cosmetics & paints, biotechnology, textile, etc. [91].
According to Zion market research analysis in 2017 [92], there is a rapid increase
of global nanomaterials market volume (in kilo tons) and revenue (in USD Billion),
which is estimated from 2014 to 2022, is shown in Fig. 2a. Other statistical surveys
T. K. Barik et al.
also used in various consumer products, including cosmetics, food, and food packaging. The nanomaterials having potential uses in cosmetics include nanosilver,
nanogold, nanoemulsions, nanocapsules, nanocrystals, dendrimers, fullerenes, liposomes, hydrogels, and solid lipid nanoparticles. Smaller the size, corresponding to
the higher surface area of nanomaterials offer greater strength, stability, chemical,
physical, and biological activity. Nanomaterials present in the human environment
can be primarily classified into four categories: carbon-based nanomaterials, metalbased nanomaterials, dendrimers, and composites. The carbon-based nanomaterials
(fullerenes and nanotubes) are employed in thin films, coatings, and electronics.
The metal-based nanomaterials (i.e., nanosilver, nanogold, and metal oxides (i.e.,
titanium dioxide (TiO 2 )) are useful for food, cosmetics, and drug-related products.
The dendrimers are nano-polymers, an ideal candidate for drug delivery. Composites
such as nanoclays are formed with a combination of nanoparticles with other nanosize
or larger particles. Many beverage bottles are made up of plastics with nanoclays. The
nanoclay reinforcement increases permeation resistance to oxygen, carbon dioxide,
moisture, and thus retaining carbonation, pressure with increased shelf life by several
months. Nanoclays are also being used in packaging materials.
Different classes of nanomaterials are composed of nanoparticles with different
shape, size, and chemistry and biology. Nanotechnology helps to improve vehicle
fuel efficiency and corrosion resistance by building vehicle parts from DiamondLike-Nanocomposite (DLN) materials that are lighter, stronger, and more chemically
resistant than metal [84–88]. The DLN film exhibits biocompatibility in nature, which
has potential applications as a coating material for biomedical purposes [89, 90].
A few nanometers wide water filters can remove nanosized particles, including
virtually all viruses and bacteria, which can revolutionize the water filtration method.
These cost-effective, portable water-treatment systems are ideal for the improvement
of drinking water quality in developing countries. Nowadays, most sunscreens also
contain nanoparticles for effective absorption of light, including the more dangerous
ultraviolet range and passing the other wavelengths, which is healthy for the skin.
Recently, nanosensors can be programmed to detect a particular chemical at low
levels, such as a single-molecule detection, out of billions of molecules. This capability is ideal for security systems and surveillance at labs, industrial sites, and
airports. In medical science, the detection of single biomolecules has tremendous
DNA/RNA sequencing and disease analysis applications. The nanobiosensors can
be used to precisely identify particular cells or substances in the body for different
diagnostics purposes. Current research is focused on preparing the smaller, highly
sensitive, and cost-efficient biosensors. The new biosensors are updated to even
detect odors specific diseases for medical diagnosis, pollutant detection, and gas
leaks for environmental protection. Figure 1 shows the technological tsunami that
occurs due to nanotechnology in energy storage, defense & security, metallurgy &
materials, electronics, optical engineering & communication, biomedical & drug
delivery, agriculture & food, cosmetics & paints, biotechnology, textile, etc. [91].
According to Zion market research analysis in 2017 [92], there is a rapid increase
of global nanomaterials market volume (in kilo tons) and revenue (in USD Billion),
which is estimated from 2014 to 2022, is shown in Fig. 2a. Other statistical surveys