Nanofibers and Nanosurfaces
117
release and slow degradation rate [72]. Similarly, PLGA nanofibers loaded with lidocaine and ketorolac [73]. PLGA nanofibers loaded with lidocaine- and ketorolac were
electrospun on urethral stents for local drug delivery to alleviate the pain concomitant
with stent implants [74]. Interestingly, sustained release of analgesics was observed
until 30 days in an in-vivo rabbit model. Self-assembled biodegradable nanofibers
made up of peptide amphiphiles and loaded with S-nitrosyl have shown to prevent
restenosis and neointimal hyperplasia [75].
2.7 Hybrid Scaffolds Composed of Nanofiber and Gels
Aligned poly (ε-caprolactone-co-ethyl ethylene phosphate) (PCLEEP) nanofibers
along with collagen type 1, and loaded with non-viral gene and drug was used by
Nguyen et al. [76] for neural tissue engineering. This biodegradable hybrid scaffold
successfully enhanced the regeneration of axons by aligning neutron and remyelination for treatment of spinal cord injury. Schuh et al. made a novel self-shaping
conduit with electrospun fibrin-PLGA nanofiber on fibrin gel, seeded with Schwann
cell-like cells (SCLs) for peripheral nerve regeneration. The in vitro assessment
showed these aligned electrospun fibrin-PLGA fibres promoted the formation of
Büngner-like structures of SCLs [44]. A recent study has reported the incorporation
of carbon nanofibers in silk fibril scaffold leads to an increase in the compressive
modulus to more than four times when compared to control silk fibril scaffold [77].
Moreover, Weng et al. fabricated a hybrid porous and nanofibrous scaffold
composed of aerogel and bioactive glass fibres embedded with BMP-2 [78]. Overall,
the percentage of new bone formation increased to twice in BMP-2 implanted hybrid
scaffold than in no treatment control. A hybridization of 3D printed PLLA scaffold
layered with Gelatin electrospun fibres on the surface has shown to improve cell
adhesion and proliferation [79]. This technique can be very well used in the future
for the patient and shape specific chondrogenic tissues such as nasal cartilage, ear, or
epiglottis. The following section elaborates on the need for nanosurface development
on the metallic materials for effective utilization as a useful implant material.
3 Part II: Nano Surfaces
3.1 Anodization—The Potential Nano Surface Modification
Technique
Surface topography plays a significant role in governing the physiochemical, electrochemical and biological activity of a biomaterial. The development of nano features
on the surface of the biomaterials is the key challenge, and this can be addressed
117
release and slow degradation rate [72]. Similarly, PLGA nanofibers loaded with lidocaine and ketorolac [73]. PLGA nanofibers loaded with lidocaine- and ketorolac were
electrospun on urethral stents for local drug delivery to alleviate the pain concomitant
with stent implants [74]. Interestingly, sustained release of analgesics was observed
until 30 days in an in-vivo rabbit model. Self-assembled biodegradable nanofibers
made up of peptide amphiphiles and loaded with S-nitrosyl have shown to prevent
restenosis and neointimal hyperplasia [75].
2.7 Hybrid Scaffolds Composed of Nanofiber and Gels
Aligned poly (ε-caprolactone-co-ethyl ethylene phosphate) (PCLEEP) nanofibers
along with collagen type 1, and loaded with non-viral gene and drug was used by
Nguyen et al. [76] for neural tissue engineering. This biodegradable hybrid scaffold
successfully enhanced the regeneration of axons by aligning neutron and remyelination for treatment of spinal cord injury. Schuh et al. made a novel self-shaping
conduit with electrospun fibrin-PLGA nanofiber on fibrin gel, seeded with Schwann
cell-like cells (SCLs) for peripheral nerve regeneration. The in vitro assessment
showed these aligned electrospun fibrin-PLGA fibres promoted the formation of
Büngner-like structures of SCLs [44]. A recent study has reported the incorporation
of carbon nanofibers in silk fibril scaffold leads to an increase in the compressive
modulus to more than four times when compared to control silk fibril scaffold [77].
Moreover, Weng et al. fabricated a hybrid porous and nanofibrous scaffold
composed of aerogel and bioactive glass fibres embedded with BMP-2 [78]. Overall,
the percentage of new bone formation increased to twice in BMP-2 implanted hybrid
scaffold than in no treatment control. A hybridization of 3D printed PLLA scaffold
layered with Gelatin electrospun fibres on the surface has shown to improve cell
adhesion and proliferation [79]. This technique can be very well used in the future
for the patient and shape specific chondrogenic tissues such as nasal cartilage, ear, or
epiglottis. The following section elaborates on the need for nanosurface development
on the metallic materials for effective utilization as a useful implant material.
3 Part II: Nano Surfaces
3.1 Anodization—The Potential Nano Surface Modification
Technique
Surface topography plays a significant role in governing the physiochemical, electrochemical and biological activity of a biomaterial. The development of nano features
on the surface of the biomaterials is the key challenge, and this can be addressed