116
P. Hameed et al.
membrane, proliferated and distributed radially, however, no cells were found on the
bottom of the membrane exhibiting the barrier property of PLGA/Hap [62].
Similarly, the result was achieved by Fu et al. they demonstrated 5wt% HAp in
PLGA prevented penetration of fibroblast [64]. Apart from fibroblasts, researchers
have also assessed the barrier function of the membrane against bacteria. Trobos
et al. demonstrated the impermeability of streptococcus oralis against non-reabsorbed
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane [65].
Periosteum, a thin lining that covers the bone’s outer surface, plays an indispensable role in bone growth, repair, and supply of blood [66]. Periosteum can be divided
into layers an outer fibrous layer and an inner osteogenic cambium [67], and can
be mimicked using layers of electrospun fibre. Wang et al. constructed composite
nanofiber sheets made up of PCL, collagen, and nano-hydroxyapatites seeded with
bone marrow stem cell to mimic periosteum for reparation of a 4 mm segmental bone
defect. The composite nanofiber sheets, when combining with allograft, were able to
induce endochondral and intramembranous bone regeneration in mouse femur and
completely repaired the defect. Compared to nanofiber sheets without stem cells,
the composite nanofiber eliminated the fibrotic tissue capsule elicited by nanofiber
sheets, leading to a marked improvement of osseointegration at the compromised
periosteal site. Co-axial electrospinning using Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and PVA
has shown to release growth factors such as PDGF, TGF, IGF, VEGF for reparation
of bone tissue. Cheng et al. incorporated PRP Silk fibroin, PCL, and PVA to make
electrospun scaffolds. A sustained release of PRP growth factors was observed until
four weeks; they also discovered increases in cell proliferation, cell migration, and
level of collagen 2 in MSCs [68].
The ability of polymeric nanofibers to encapsulate drugs like dexamethasone and
BMP-2 for reparation of a calvarial defect in the murine model was tested by Li
et al. [69]. Nanofibers loaded with drugs demonstrate a stronger ability to induce
differentiation toward osteoblasts in in-vitro study while in In-vivo osteogenesis
studies revealed that the drug-loaded nanofiber scaffolds were significantly better in
repairing than unloaded nanofibers. Yoa et al. explored a modern method of synthesizing PCL-PLA nanofibrous scaffold, using a thermally induced self-agglomeration
(TISA) method, followed by freeze-drying using. Interestingly, improved mechanical property and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells were observed on 3D PCLPLA nanofibrous scaffold. [70]. Nanofiber paste comprising of growth factors for
reparation of cranial and spinal defects is an innovative therapeutic approach.
2.6 Drug Eluding Nanofiber
For the sustainable release of analgesics, various polymeric nanofibers have been
deployed. PVA nanofibers loaded with neostigmine on the epidural application
has resulted in extended analgesia in the murine model [71]. Whereas, subcutaneous implantation of PLGA nanofibers loaded with Ibuprofen demonstrated control
P. Hameed et al.
membrane, proliferated and distributed radially, however, no cells were found on the
bottom of the membrane exhibiting the barrier property of PLGA/Hap [62].
Similarly, the result was achieved by Fu et al. they demonstrated 5wt% HAp in
PLGA prevented penetration of fibroblast [64]. Apart from fibroblasts, researchers
have also assessed the barrier function of the membrane against bacteria. Trobos
et al. demonstrated the impermeability of streptococcus oralis against non-reabsorbed
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane [65].
Periosteum, a thin lining that covers the bone’s outer surface, plays an indispensable role in bone growth, repair, and supply of blood [66]. Periosteum can be divided
into layers an outer fibrous layer and an inner osteogenic cambium [67], and can
be mimicked using layers of electrospun fibre. Wang et al. constructed composite
nanofiber sheets made up of PCL, collagen, and nano-hydroxyapatites seeded with
bone marrow stem cell to mimic periosteum for reparation of a 4 mm segmental bone
defect. The composite nanofiber sheets, when combining with allograft, were able to
induce endochondral and intramembranous bone regeneration in mouse femur and
completely repaired the defect. Compared to nanofiber sheets without stem cells,
the composite nanofiber eliminated the fibrotic tissue capsule elicited by nanofiber
sheets, leading to a marked improvement of osseointegration at the compromised
periosteal site. Co-axial electrospinning using Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and PVA
has shown to release growth factors such as PDGF, TGF, IGF, VEGF for reparation
of bone tissue. Cheng et al. incorporated PRP Silk fibroin, PCL, and PVA to make
electrospun scaffolds. A sustained release of PRP growth factors was observed until
four weeks; they also discovered increases in cell proliferation, cell migration, and
level of collagen 2 in MSCs [68].
The ability of polymeric nanofibers to encapsulate drugs like dexamethasone and
BMP-2 for reparation of a calvarial defect in the murine model was tested by Li
et al. [69]. Nanofibers loaded with drugs demonstrate a stronger ability to induce
differentiation toward osteoblasts in in-vitro study while in In-vivo osteogenesis
studies revealed that the drug-loaded nanofiber scaffolds were significantly better in
repairing than unloaded nanofibers. Yoa et al. explored a modern method of synthesizing PCL-PLA nanofibrous scaffold, using a thermally induced self-agglomeration
(TISA) method, followed by freeze-drying using. Interestingly, improved mechanical property and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells were observed on 3D PCLPLA nanofibrous scaffold. [70]. Nanofiber paste comprising of growth factors for
reparation of cranial and spinal defects is an innovative therapeutic approach.
2.6 Drug Eluding Nanofiber
For the sustainable release of analgesics, various polymeric nanofibers have been
deployed. PVA nanofibers loaded with neostigmine on the epidural application
has resulted in extended analgesia in the murine model [71]. Whereas, subcutaneous implantation of PLGA nanofibers loaded with Ibuprofen demonstrated control